MEDICATIONS

• medication


  is a substance administered for the diagnosis, cure, treatment, or relief of a symptom or for prevention of disease
• Aerosol spray or foam


  A liquid, powder, or foam deposited in a thin layer on the skin by air pressure
• Aqueous solution


  One or more drugs dissolved in water
• Aqueous suspension


  One or more drugs finely divided in a liquid such as water
• Caplet


  A solid form, shaped like a capsule, coated and easily swallowed
• Capsule


  A gelatinous container to hold a drug in powder, liquid, or oil form
• Cream


  A nongreasy, semisolid preparation used on the skin
• Elixir


  A sweetened and aromatic solution of alcohol used as a vehicle for medicinal agents
• Extract


  A concentrated form of a drug made from vegetables or animals
• Gel or jelly


  A clear or translucent semisolid that liquefies when applied to the skin
• Liniment


  A medication mixed with alcohol, oil, or soapy emollient and applied to the skin
• Lotion


  A medication in a liquid suspension applied to the skin
• Paste


  A preparation like an ointment, but thicker and stiff, that penetrates the skin less than an ointment
• Pill


  One or more drugs mixed with a cohesive material, in oval, round, or flattened shapes
• Powder


  A finely ground drug or drugs; some are used internally, others externally
• Suppository


  One or several drugs mixed with a firm base such as gelatin and shaped for insertion into the body (e.g., the rectum); the base dissolves gradually at body temperature, releasing the drug
• Tablet


  A powdered drug compressed into a hard small disk; some are readily broken along a scored line; others are enteric coated to prevent them from dissolving in the stomach
• Tincture


  An alcoholic or water-and-alcohol solution prepared from drugs derived from plants
• Transdermal patch


  A semipermeable membrane shaped in the form of a disk or patch that contains a drug to be absorbed through the skin over a long period of time
• Parenteral


  • Subcutaneous (hypodermic) —into the subcutaneous tissue, just below the skin
  • Intramuscular (IM) —into a muscle
  • Intradermal (ID) —under the epidermis (into the dermis)
  • Intravenous (IV) —into a vein
• Medication routes:

  • Oral
  • Sublingual
  • Suppositories
  • Intradermal
  • Subcutaneous
  • Intramuscular
  • Intravenous
• Rights of Medication

  1. Right medication
  2. Right dose
  3. Right time
  4. Right route
  5. Right client
  6. Right client education
  7. Right documentation
  8. Right to refuse
  9. Right assessment
  10. Right evaluation
• Parts of syringe

  tip, barrel, plunger
• Sites for administering Intramuscular injection

  gluteus maximus, deltoid muscle, vastus lateralis, ventrogluteal
• Compare label three times with medication to decrease the risk of error:

  1. When removing package from drawer
  2. Before preparing medication
  3. After preparing medication
• Confirm client’s identity by checking at least 2 of the 3 possible mechanisms for identification to ensure safety:

  • Ask client his name
  • Check patient’s ID band
  • Check the bed tag (least reliable method)
• Standard timing medicine administration

  • O.D - 8:00
  • B.I.D - Antibiotic (8:00-4:00) Misc. drugs (8:00-6:00) Tranquilizers/Sedatives (8:00-8:00pm)
  • T.I.D - 8:00-1:00-6:00
  • Q.I.D - 8:00-12:00-4:00-8:00pm
  • HS - 8:00pm
  • Q8H: 8:00-4:00-12:00 mn
  • Stat - immediately
  • Prn - when necessary
• Intravenous fluid


  These are liquids given to replace water, sugar and salt that a person may need when he is not able to do so orally
• Types of IV fluids

  • isotonic
  • hypotonic
  • hypertonic
• Isotonic Solutions


  They have solute concentrations that are different than those of your cells. This means that there is no concentration gradient across the cell membrane, which means that your cells neither expand nor shrink in the presence of an isotonic solution. They contain am electrolyte balance similar to that of plasma in the blood stream.
• Examples of Isotonic Solutions

  • normal saline solution
  • lactated ringer's solution
• Hypotonic Solutions


  They have solute concentrations lower than those of your cells. This means that, in an effort to balance the solute concentration, water will rush into the cell, causing it to expand.
• Example of Hypotonic Solutions

  • 0.45 NaCl solution
  • 0.3 NaCl solution
• Hypertonic Solutions


  They have higher solute concentrations than those of your cells. In order to balance the solution, water will flow out of the cell, causing it to shrink
• Example of Hypertonic Solutions

  • D5 LR
  • D10W
  • D5NSS
  • D5NM