Definitions of abnormality

• What is statistical infrequency?

  when an individual has a less common characteristic
• What is deviation from social norms?

  Concerns behaviour that is different from the accepted standards or behaviour in a community or society
• What are the 4 definitions of abnormality?

  Statistical infrequency, deviation from social norms, failure to function adequately, deviation from ideal mental health
• What does DSM-5 stand for?

  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
• What is failure to function adequately?

  Occurs when someone is unable to cope with ordinary demands of day-day living.
• What is deviation from ideal mental health?

  Occurs when someone does not meet a set of criteria for good mental health
• What is it called when someone can no longer cope with the demands of every day life?

  Failure to function adequately
• Who proposed the standards of ideal mental health?

  Marie Jahoda (1958)
• Which of these is an example of ideal mental health?

  We can cope with stress
• What does self-actualise mean?

  Reach our potential
• What did Rosenhan conclude?

  It is hard to distinguish the sane from insane in psychiatric hospitals
• What is a pseudopatient?

  A fake/ a confederate
• What is a phobia?

  An extreme, irrational fear of an object or situation.
• Behavioural characteristics of phobias

  Panic, avoidance, endurance
• classical conditioning


  a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli.
• neutral stimulus


  a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
• unconditioned stimulus

  A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
• unconditioned response

  an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus
• conditioned stimulus

  a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place
• conditioned response

  a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
• Emotional characteristic of phobias

  anxiety
• Cognitive characteristics of phobias

  Selective attention, irrational beliefs, cognitive distortions
• phobia of spiders

  arachnophobia
• phobia of confined spaces

  claustrophobia
• phobia of open places


  agoraphobia
• Subtypes of Phobias

  animal, natural environment, blood injection injury, situational, other
• systematic desensitization

  clients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner
• anxiety hierarchy


  constructed by patient in which feared situations are arranged from least to most anxiety provoking
• relaxation techniques


  examples include deep breathing and stretching
• Hypnosis

  state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion
• Flooding

  a person is exposed to the harmless stimulus until fear responses e.g anxiety to that stimulus are extinguished
• Square Breathing

  calms you down, use this when you feel upset; breathe in for 4, hold for 4, exhale for 4, hold for 4, and repeat
• Extinction

  the diminishing of a conditioned response
• Anxiety


  An emotional state of high energy, with the stress response as the body's reaction to it.
• Types of OCD

  Contamination, Symmetry, Hoarding, Ruminations, Checking
• Obsessions


  repeated intrusive uncontrollable thoughts/impulses that cause distress
• Compulsions

  repeated physical/mental behaviors that are done in response to an obsession
• orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)


  a region of the frontal lobe which is associated with monitoring and checking
• CBT

  cognitive behavioral therapy
• ERP

  exposure, response, prevention