EWT & PED

• What does Eye Witness Testimony (EWT) refer to?


  An account given by people of an event they have witnessed
• Why is Eye Witness Testimony studied in psychology?

  It is studied as part of cognitive processes, particularly memory
• What type of account is Eye Witness Testimony considered?


  A first-hand account of an event
• In what settings is Eye Witness Testimony often used?

  In legal settings as evidence
• What can influence Eye Witness Testimony?


  Various psychological factors
• What are some common issues with Eye Witness Testimony?


  It is subject to memory errors and biases
• Give an example of Eye Witness Testimony.


  A person describing a car accident they witnessed to the police
• What are the factors affecting the accuracy of Eye Witness Testimony?


  1. Leading questions
  2. Weapon focus
  3. Stress and anxiety
  4. Time delay
  5. Age
  6. Reconstructive memory
• How do leading questions affect Eye Witness Testimony?


  They suggest or presume certain information, potentially altering recall
• What is weapon focus in the context of Eye Witness Testimony?


  Attention drawn to a weapon, reducing focus on other details
• How can stress and anxiety impact Eye Witness Testimony?


  High levels can impair memory formation and recall
• What effect does time delay have on Eye Witness Testimony?


  Longer gaps between event and recall can lead to more errors
• How does age affect Eye Witness Testimony accuracy?


  Both very young and older adults may have less accurate recall
• What is reconstructive memory?


  Filling in gaps with what seems logical
• What is an example of a leading question?


  "What color was the getaway car?" when no car was mentioned
• What does Post Event Discussion refer to?


  Conversations or interactions that occur after an event has been witnessed
• Why is Post Event Discussion important in the context of Eye Witness Testimony?


  It can influence how original memories are recalled
• What can Post Event Discussion involve?


  Discussions with other witnesses, investigators, or media
• How can Post Event Discussion alter original memories?


  By introducing new information or misinformation
• Give an example of problematic Post Event Discussion.


  Witnesses watching news reports about the incident before giving statements
• What are the impacts of Post Event Discussion on Eye Witness Testimony?


  1. Memory contamination
  2. Confidence inflation
  3. Misinformation effect
  4. Conformity
  5. Source monitoring errors
• What is memory contamination in the context of Post Event Discussion?


  Incorporating information from others into one's own memory
• How can confidence inflation affect Eye Witness Testimony?


  Discussing with others can increase confidence in potentially inaccurate memories
• What is the misinformation effect?


  False information introduced after the event can alter original memories
• What are source monitoring errors?


  Difficulty distinguishing between original memories and post-event information
• What did Loftus and Palmer (1974) investigate?(EWT)


  The effect of leading questions on memory recall
• What was a key finding of Gabbert et al. (2003)? (PED)

  Witnesses can incorporate information from co-witnesses into their own accounts
• What did Yuille and Cutshall (1986) study? (PED)


  Real-life eyewitness accounts of a shooting incident
• What did Loftus and Pickrell (1995) demonstrate? (PED)


  The creation of false memories through suggestion
• What conclusion can be drawn from the research studies on Eye Witness Testimony?

  Eyewitness testimony can be influenced by various factors including questioning techniques and post-event discussions
• What is the key takeaway regarding eyewitness accounts from the studies?


  They can be affected by a range of psychological processes