carboxylic acid and esters

• What functional group is characteristic of carboxylic acids?


  • COOH
• How are carboxylic acids produced?


  From the oxidation of primary alcohols under reflux
• What happens when carboxylic acids are dissolved in solution?


  They slightly dissociate to form H⁺ ions and carboxylate ions (RCOO^-)
• What do carboxylic acids produce when they react with carbonates?


  A carboxylate salt, water, and CO₂
• Why are small chain carboxylic acids soluble in water?

  They can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules
• What is the process called when carboxylic acids react with alcohols to form esters?


  Esterification
• What is a method to remember the esterification reaction?


  Remove the -OH from the acid and the hydrogen from the alcohol to make water, then combine them
• What are esters commonly used for?

  Food flavorings and perfumes
• What are triglyceride esters derived from?

  Vegetable oils and fats, which are esters of glycerol
• What is biodiesel produced from?


  Vegetable oils and methanol
• What is ester hydrolysis?


  The reverse reaction of esterification, converting esters back into alcohols and carboxylic acids
• What happens under acidic conditions during ester hydrolysis?


  It produces an alcohol and a carboxylic acid

  
• What occurs under alkaline conditions during ester hydrolysis?


  The carboxylic acid produced reacts further with the base to form a salt
• What is the process of forming a salt from a carboxylic acid in alkaline conditions called?

  Saponification
• What properties do salts produced from saponification have?


  They have hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties
• What are the three main derivatives of carboxylic acids?


  • Acid Anhydrides: Formed when water is removed from two carboxylic acids
  • Acyl Chlorides: React violently due to the polar -COCl group
  • Amides: React to form N-substituted amides
• How do carboxylic acid derivatives react?


  They react via nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions
• What products are formed when acyl chlorides react with water, alcohol, ammonia, and amines?


  Water produces carboxylic acid, alcohol produces ester, ammonia produces amide, and amines produce N-substituted amide
• What is aspirin produced from?


  Salicylic acid and ethanoic anhydride
• Why is ethanoyl chloride not commonly used in industry for producing aspirin?


  It is expensive and produces harmful HCl fumes
• What are the key differences between ethanoic anhydride and ethanoyl chloride in industrial use?


  • Ethanoic anhydride is safer for industrial use
  • Ethanoic anhydride does not produce harmful HCl fumes
  • Ethanoic anhydride is less expensive than ethanoyl chloride