period 3 elements

• What type of ions do sodium and magnesium form when they react ionically?


  Positive ions
• What charge does sodium form when it reacts ionically?


  1+
• What charge does magnesium form when it reacts ionically?


  2+
• Why is sodium more reactive than magnesium?


  Sodium only needs to lose one electron to form an ion
• What does the reactivity of sodium imply about the energy required to ionize it compared to magnesium?


  Less energy is required to ionize sodium
• How does the speed of the reaction with magnesium change when using steam instead of water?


  The speed of the reaction increases
• What is produced when magnesium reacts with steam?


  Hydrogen and magnesium oxide
• What type of oxides do period 3 elements form when they react with oxygen?


  Oxides
• What is the highest oxidation state of period 3 elements typically equal to?


  It is often the same as the group number
• What are the oxides formed from period 3 elements?


  • Na₂O
  • MgO
  • Al₂O₃
  • SiO₂
  • P₄O₁₀
  • SO₂
• Under what conditions can sulfur form SO₃?


  High temperatures and a catalyst
• How do the structures and bonding of period 3 oxides affect their properties?


  • Different structures and bonding affect reactivity
  • Different melting points of the compounds
• What is the relative melting point of Na₂O?


  ≈ 1250 °C
• What is the relative melting point of MgO?


  ≈ 2750 °C
• What is the relative melting point of Al₂O₃?


  ≈ 2000 °C
• What is the relative melting point of SiO₂?


  ≈ 1500 °C
• What is the relative melting point of P₄O₁₀?


  ≈ 500 °C
• What is the relative melting point of SO₂?


  ≈ -10 °C
• What type of solutions do ionic oxides form when they react with water?


  Alkaline solutions
• What is the pH range of alkaline solutions formed by ionic oxides?


  Around 10-14
• What type of solutions do simple covalent oxides of sulfur and phosphorus form when they react with water?


  Acidic solutions
• What is the pH range of acidic solutions formed by simple covalent oxides?


  Around 0-2
• What happens to acids when they are in solution?


  They dissociate into H⁺ ions and ions of conjugate base
• What occurs during acid-base reactions involving basic, ionic oxides?


  • Basic, ionic oxides react with acids
  • Produce a salt and water
  • This is a neutralisation reaction
• What occurs during acid-base reactions involving acidic, covalent oxides?


  • Acidic, covalent oxides react with bases
  • Produce a salt and water
  • This is also a neutralisation reaction
• Why is aluminium oxide insoluble in water?


  Because the bonding is partially ionic and covalent
• What does it mean for aluminium oxide to be amphoteric?


  It can act as both an acid and a base
• What happens when aluminium oxide reacts in neutralisation reactions?


  • Reacts as both an acid and a base
  • Produces a salt and water