reaction of metal aqua ions

• What happens to metal ions in aqueous solution?


  They become hydrated with H$_2$O ligands around the central metal ion.
• Which four major metal aqua ions must be known for this A-Level specification?

  Iron(II), copper(II), iron(III), and aluminium.
• Why are the precipitates formed by metal ions significant?


  They can be used to identify the metal ion present due to their colors.
• How do metal ions behave in solution in terms of acidity?


  They are acidic when in solution.
• How do the acid strengths of metal ions differ based on their charges?


  2+ ions form weaker acidic solutions than 3+ ions.
• What is the relationship between the dissociation of metal ions and their attractive power to OH$^−$ ions?


  3+ ions dissociate more and have greater attractive power to OH$^−$ ions.
• What occurs when metal ions react with sodium hydroxide?


  They react as acids in a neutralization reaction to form a salt and water.
• What color precipitate does aluminium form when reacting with sodium hydroxide?


  Aluminium forms a white precipitate.
• How can one remember the formulas of the precipitates formed by metal ions?

  The number of OH$^−$ substituted is the same as the charge on the initial ion.
• What process do the reactions of metal ions with sodium hydroxide undergo?


  They hydrolyse the metal ions to form colored precipitates.
• What characteristic does the aluminium salt exhibit?


  It can act as an acid or a base, meaning it is amphoteric.
• What happens when sodium hydroxide is added in excess to the aluminium salt?


  The salt acts as an acid and is hydrolyzed further.
• How do metal ions react with aqueous ammonia?


  They react to form a salt and ammonium ions.
• What occurs when ammonia is added in excess to copper(II) salt?


  The copper(II) salt undergoes ligand substitution to form a deep blue solution.
• What do metal 2+ ions form when they react with sodium carbonate?


  They form insoluble carbonates and water.
• How do metal 3+ ions behave when reacting with sodium carbonate?


  They act as stronger acids and form a salt, water, and carbon dioxide.
• What type of reactions do all metal aqua ions undergo with Cl$^−$ ions?


  They undergo ligand substitution reactions to form tetrahedral ions with four Cl$^−$ ligands.
• What is required for metal aqua ions to undergo ligand substitution reactions?


  They must react with concentrated hydrochloric acid.
• What are the key reactions involving metal ions in aqueous solutions?


  • Metal ions become hydrated in water.
  • They form colored precipitates.
  • They exhibit acidic properties.
  • They react with NaOH, NH₃, and Na₂CO₃.
  • They undergo ligand substitution with Cl$^−$ ions.
• What are the properties of metal ions in terms of acidity and reactions?


  • 2+ ions form weaker acids than 3+ ions.
  • 3+ ions dissociate more and are stronger acids.
  • Amphoteric behavior of aluminium salts.
  • Hydrolysis leads to colored precipitates.