obedience - milgram

• What is obedience in the context of social influence?


  Obedience is a form of social influence where an individual follows a direct order.
• Who typically issues orders in situations of obedience?

  Orders are usually issued by an authority figure.
• What power does an authority figure have in obedience situations?


  An authority figure has the power to punish when obedience is not forthcoming.
• What was the aim of Milgram's study?


  The aim was to investigate levels of obedience.
• What historical context did Milgram's study seek to understand regarding obedience?


  It sought to understand why many German citizens obeyed Hitler's commands during WWII.
• What was one reason suggested for higher obedience levels among Germans?


  One reason suggested was that Germans could possibly be more obedient as people.
• What was the sample size and demographic of Milgram's study?


  The sample consisted of 40 men, all American.
• What method did Milgram use for his experiment?


  Milgram used a lab experiment method.
• How did participants determine their roles in the Milgram study?


  Participants drew lots to see who would take each role, but it was rigged.
• What role was the real participant always assigned in the study?


  The real participant was always assigned the role of the teacher.
• What task was the teacher required to perform in the Milgram study?


  The teacher was required to test the learner's ability to recall pairs of words.
• What happened each time the learner answered incorrectly?

  The teacher was required to administer an electric shock of increasing voltage.
• What was the starting voltage for the shocks in the experiment?


  The starting voltage was 15 volts.
• What was the maximum voltage that could be administered in the Milgram study?


  The maximum voltage was 450 volts.
• How was the shock made to appear real to the teacher?


  A shock was demonstrated to the teacher to make the shocks appear real.
• What did the learner do at 300 volts during the experiment?


  The learner banged on the wall and complained.
• What happened after the learner received the 315-volt shock?


  The learner was no longer allowed to talk.
• When did the experiment stop?


  The experiment continued until the participant refused to continue or reached 450 volts.
• What verbal prods did the experimenter use if the teacher tried to stop the experiment?


  The experimenter used prods like "the experiment requires that you continue" and "you have no choice but to continue."
• What percentage of participants delivered shocks until 300 volts?


  100% of participants delivered shocks until 300 volts.
• What percentage of participants continued to the maximum voltage of 450 volts?


  65% continued to 450 volts, the highest level.
• What type of data did Milgram gather during his study?


  Milgram gathered qualitative data and observed signs of extreme tension.
• What signs of extreme tension did participants show during the experiment?


  Participants showed signs such as sweating, nail biting, and trembling.
• What conclusion did Milgram draw from his study regarding ordinary people and authority?


  Ordinary people are extremely obedient to authority, even when asked to behave in an inhumane manner.
• What did Milgram's findings suggest about the nature of people in relation to atrocities?


  It is not evil people who commit atrocities, but ordinary people obeying authority.
• What was one replication of Milgram's findings mentioned in the evaluation?


  Findings were replicated in a French documentary where 80% of participants gave the maximum shock to a seemingly unconscious man.
• What criticism was made regarding Milgram's procedure?


  Milgram's procedure may not have been testing what he intended to test due to demand characteristics.
• What did Sheridan & King (1972) do in relation to Milgram's study?


  Sheridan & King recreated the test with real shocks on a puppy.
• What were the results of Sheridan & King's study regarding shock delivery?


  54% of males and 100% of females delivered a real shock.
• What ethical guidelines did Milgram's study break?


  Milgram's study broke ethical guidelines by deceiving participants and lacking protection from harm.
• How did participants show signs of distress during the Milgram study?


  Participants showed breakdowns during their role as the teacher, indicating real distress.