Animals

• What cloning methods will be discussed in this video?


  Cloning by embryo transplants and adult cell cloning
• Why is it important to learn the stages of animal cloning?


  Because it is a common example question in exams
• What is the process of cloning by embryo transplants?


  1. Obtain sperm and egg cells from horses with desired characteristics.
  2. Fertilization produces a fertilized egg.
  3. Allow the fertilized egg to develop into an early-stage embryo.
  4. Split the embryo into two using a glass rod.
  5. Transplant the two embryos into host mothers.
  6. Result in two identical offspring (clones).
• What is a critical requirement for the cells in the embryo during cloning by embryo transplants?


  The cells must not have started to specialize
• What is a major problem with embryo transplants in cloning?


  We cannot be certain that the offspring will have the desired characteristics
• What are the stages of adult cell cloning using sheep as an example?


  1. Remove a cell (e.g., skin cell) from the animal to clone.
  2. Remove the nucleus from this cell.
  3. Take an unfertilized egg cell from a female sheep and remove its nucleus.
  4. Insert the nucleus from the adult body cell into the empty egg cell.
  5. Apply an electric shock to make the egg cell divide into an embryo.
  6. Insert the embryo into the womb of an adult female to develop.
  7. The host mother gives birth to the clone.
• What does the nucleus of a cell contain?


  The genetic information of the animal
• What happens to the unfertilized egg cell during adult cell cloning?


  The nucleus is removed and discarded
• What is the result of inserting the nucleus from the adult body cell into the empty egg cell?


  The egg cell now contains the genetic information from the animal being cloned
• What does the electric shock do in the adult cell cloning process?


  It makes the egg cell divide to form an embryo
• Why does the clone look nothing like the host mother in adult cell cloning?


  Because the clone contains none of the host mother's genetic material
• What is the key benefit of adult cell cloning?


  • We know the characteristics that the clone will have.
  • Cloning from an adult provides certainty about traits.
• Where can students find more questions on animal cloning?


  In the vision workbook linked in the video