geography year9- development

• Development is a state of growth and

  improvement, usually measured

  through indicators such

  as life expectancy, GDP (income),

  access to healthcare, and access

  to education.​
• A social indicator is a development indicator that measures social issues and focuses on what services people have access to.

  This includes housing, education and healthcare.
• The Human Development Index is a statistic used to measure the human development of a country, combining several indicators of health, education, and wealth.
• Examples of economic indicators

  Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (Per capita means per person). The value of a country's income, divided by the number of people in that country
• The HDI can be used as an easy and more accurate indicator of progress as it considers factors that serve as valuable forecasts of quality of life.
• persecution means ill-treatment, especially because of race or political or religious beliefs
• An example of a high income country is the USA

  An example of a low income country is Afghanistan

  An example of a lower middle income country is India
• Standard of living means the amount of money and comfort people have
• Life Expectancy – the average age to which a person lives,

  e.g. this is 79 in the UK and 48 in Kenya.
• Economic Growth – measures the annual increase in GDP.
• Economic Structure – shows the division of a country’s economy between primary, secondary, and tertiary industries.
• The United Nations uses a composite indicator called HDI (Human

  Development Index) which is made up of a number of important

  measures, such as:

  GNP per capita

  number of years schooling

  life expectancy

  The measures range from 0 to 1.
• Development can be measured by using development

  indicators

  These can be either economic or human

  For example, life expectancy and GDP
• Development can be measured by using development

  indicators

  These can be either economic or human

  For example, life expectancy and GDP
• HIC – High Income Country - These are richer

  countries that have lots of industry and service jobs

  such as the UK and Japan.

  LIC – Low Income Country. These are poorer

  countries that have mainly primary jobs such as

  farming and mining. Countries include Bangladesh

  and Mali.

  NEE – Newly Emerging Economy. These countries are

  those that have developed fastest over the latter

  part of the 20th Century such as India & China
• The Brandt line is a slightly more old-fashioned way of dividing the globe between rich and poor countries.
• The brandt line can be inaccurate because it is too simple, it is geographically incorrect, and development changes over time
• NEEs have grown because of having a strong stable government, a switch from agricultural to manufacturing and service jobs, overtime the workforce becomes better educated and more skilled.
• the development gap grew due to historical, physical, social and political reasons. some countries havent developed as quickly due to physical reasons like - climate, natural resources, location etc. there are social factors like access to services and low skilled workers.
• Globalisation - is the

  process by which the world

  is becoming increasingly

  interconnected as a result

  of massively increased trade

  and cultural exchange.
• The 4 drivers of globalisation are

  1. Improvements in transportation

  2. Freedom of trade + trade organisations

  3. Improvements in communications and IT

  4. Labour availability and skills
• Trade – the buying and selling of goods

  Import - bringing (goods or services) into a country

  from abroad for sale.

  Export - sending (goods or services) to another

  country for sale.

  Fairtrade - Fairtrade means that the producer

  receives a guaranteed and fair price for their product
• LICS aren't making money because the prices of many raw materials fluctuate, - they go up and down depending on demand for supply.
• Trade blocs – many countries will have trade agreements such

  as within the EU. This makes it cheaper for countries within the

  EU to trade with each other. However, countries outside the

  trade bloc find it much more expensive.
• why world trade unfair:

  prices fluctuating - prices of products varies on demand and supply

  tariffs - tax is high meaning it is expensive and hard to pay

  trade blocs - many countries have agreement within the EU for easier trade, which makes it harder for countries outside the eu to trade easily

  low value primary products - many of these materials are low in value so need to be changed to something else
• Trade – the buying and selling of goods
• Import - bringing (goods or services) into a country

  from abroad for sale.

  Export - sending (goods or services) to another

  country for sale.

  Fairtrade - Fairtrade means that the producer

  receives a guaranteed and fair price for their product
• United Nations (UN) - is an international non-profit organisation formed in 1945 to increase cooperation among its member countries. 
• Aid is when a country or an organisation (e.g. charity), gives resources to another country. 
• Humanitarian aid aims to save lives. It is about responding to the immediate needs of people following a crisis. This involves providing food, water, sanitation, shelter and healthcare to those affected. This can be through charities, non-governmental organisations or direct from governments
• one advantage of aid is

  emergency aid in the time of disaster saves lives

  one disadvantage of aid is

  aid may not reach the people who need it most due to corruption and politicians using it for their own gain
• Charitable aid

  funded by donations from the public through organisations such as OXFAM
• multilateral aid

  given through international organisations such as the World Bank rather than by one specific country.
• Long-term or development aid

  involves providing local communities with education and skills for sustainable development, usually through organisations such as Practical Action
• Conditional or tied aid

  when one country donates money or resources to another (bilateral aid) but with conditions attached. These conditions will often be in the HICs favour 
• Emergency or short-term aid

  needed after sudden disasters such as the 2000 Mozambique floods or the 2004 Asian tsunami.