Interspecific Relationship

• Interspecific Relationship occurs between members of different Species

  May be + , - or 0 (neutral)
• Mutualism is a relationship of different species where both gets benefited ( + and + ) increasing both their survival chances
• Exploitation are members of two species where one is harmed and the other is benefited

  This includes 3 exploitation

  Parasitism

  Predation

  Herbivory
• Parasitism are exploitation in which parasite feeds off living individual (hosts)

  Ecto parasites - feeds outside - peircing skinf sucking blood

  Endo parasites - Inside the host - Blood system - feeding in blood - Digestive trace - may host Carnivore - Herbivore -

  Endo parasites reduce intra comp/ Prevents over infestation which may kill their host
• Brood Parasitism = Cuckoo

  Parasitism in which Parasites uses other species to rasied their young

  Rare in plants - Either put itself to its host but provide its own food through Photosynthesis OR put itself and steak the host's food
• Predation is a relationship where the Predator gets benefited consuming/ killing its prey (+ and -)

  Predator develop specific adaptation for hunting / killing

  Prey displays counter adaptation which lower the predation risk

  This is a reciprocal adaptation - Co - evolution
• In predation, adaptation may include

  Comouflage

  Eye position

  Speed / Strength / Samina

  Poison

  Teamwork
• Warning colouration of prey to predators - Indicates that they are

  Unpalatable

  Harmful

  Toxic

  Venomous
• Herbivory is not a type of predation - One individual feed on plants material (+ and -)
• Herbivory may also fall from the idea of co-evolution in which

  Herbivores have specific adaptation in which plants also counter with their

  Thorns

  Spines

  Toxic Chem
• Pollination is also a type of exploitation in whcih Plants

  Colour

  Chemical

  Shape

  attracts pollinators

  Relationship is mutualism

  Flower gets pollinated = pollinator obtains nectar

  Also a type of reciprocal adaptation - Co-evolution
• Interspecific Competetion usually occur when resources become scarce / Limited

  Food

  Water

  Habitat Spacr

  Nest Sites
• According to Gause's principle,

  Interspecific comp may act to limit the extent of other species niche

  Too similar niche requirements may lead the other adaptive species to outcompete the other (eliminate)
• In interspecific comp , both are being harmed = lower survival chanvr and lower reproductive success

  The more similar the resources requirements = the more intense the competetion, especially if the resources are so limited
• Evolutionary Fitness is the measure of organisms reproductive success

  Fitter / More adapted have a higher survival = likely to survive and reproduce

  Hint: P , M, P, H

  Adaptation that promot parasitism , Mutualism , Predation , Herbivory all increase evolutionary fitness and are equally selected for

  Similarly Adaptation of

  Prey

  Host

  Plants to reduce the effect of competetion also enhance their evolutionary fitness and are equally selected for