DYSTHANASIA

• What are the two moments of death mentioned in the study material?

  The moment of death and the process of death
• What influences the demeanor of end-of-life ethical dilemmas according to the study material?


  Beliefs and values deeply rooted in the subconscious of physicians
• How can phenomenology of knowledge explain the relationship between the doctor, patient, and disease?


  The doctor is the subject, the patient is the object, and the disease is the representation through which the physician knows the patient
• What does a dogmatic attitude imply in a medical procedure?


  That a physician can have absolute trust regarding the patient and their disease through senses and reasoning
• What is the role of statistical laws in medical procedures according to the study material?


  Medical procedures are subject to statistical laws with variables that affect the results
• What are the two forms of uncertainty that can explain dysthanasia or medical futility?

  Subjectivism and relativism
• How does overspecialization in technology relate to therapeutic obstinacy?


  It leads to the fractioning of knowledge and unaccountability in the decision-making process
• How has technology changed the perception of death in developed countries?


  It has changed the way of staring at the end of life by heralding the moment of death through the process of death
• What is orthothanasia?


  A normal or natural manner of death and dying that promotes humane and correct death
• What is the goal of palliative care?


  Symptom control by a combination of non-pharmacological measures and drugs
• What are the two basic kinds of advance directives?


  Living wills and health care powers of attorney
• What does a living will express?


  A person's instructions or preferences about future medical treatments
• What is the purpose of a health care power of attorney?


  To appoint a person to make health care decisions for someone who is incapacitated
• What is a DNR order?


  A document signed by a physician indicating that resuscitation should not be attempted
• What is the difference between DNR Comfort Care and DNR Comfort Care-Arrest?


  DNR Comfort Care allows for pain relief without resuscitation, while DNR Comfort Care-Arrest allows standard care until arrest
• Why might individuals prefer a DNR order?


  Because CPR can involve painful procedures and may leave individuals in worse condition
• What are the roles of a nurse as a caregiver?


  To assist the client physically and psychologically while preserving dignity
• What is the role of a nurse as a communicator?


  To identify client problems and communicate them to the health care team
• What does a nurse do as a teacher?


  Helps clients learn about their health and necessary health care procedures
• What is the role of a client advocate?


  To protect the client and represent their needs to other health professionals
• What is the purpose of counseling in nursing?


  To help clients recognize and cope with psychological or social problems
• What does a nurse do as a change agent?


  Assists clients in modifying their behavior and makes changes in clinical care systems
• What is the role of a nurse as a leader?


  To influence others to work together to achieve a specific goal
• What does a nurse manager do?


  Manages nursing care and delegates activities to other nurses and ancillary workers
• What is the role of a nurse case manager?


  Works with the health care team to measure the effectiveness of the case management plan
• What is the responsibility of a nurse as a research consumer?


  To use research to improve client care and be aware of protecting human subjects' rights
• What are expanded career roles for nurses?

  Roles such as nurse practitioner, clinical nurse specialist, and nurse educator that allow greater independence
• What is the role of a nurse practitioner (NP)?


  A nurse with advanced education who is a graduate of a nurse practitioner program
• What does a clinical nurse specialist do?


  A nurse with advanced expertise in a specialized area of practice
• What is the role of a nurse anesthetist?


  A nurse who administers anesthesia and assesses postoperative status
• What does a nurse midwife do?


  A nurse who provides prenatal and postnatal care and manages deliveries
• What is the role of a nurse researcher?


  A nurse who investigates nursing problems to improve care and expand knowledge
• What does a nurse administrator do?


  Manages client care and nursing services, including budgeting and staffing
• What is the role of a nurse educator?


  A nurse responsible for teaching in nursing programs and clinical settings
• What is the role of a nurse entrepreneur?


  A nurse who manages a health-related business
• What does autonomy in nursing involve?


  Initiating independent nursing interventions without medical orders
• What is the responsibility of a nurse as an advocate?


  To protect the patient's human and legal rights
• What does a nurse do as an educator?


  Explains health concepts, demonstrates procedures, and evaluates patient learning
• What is the role of a nurse in patient education?


  To reinforce learning and evaluate the patient's progress in understanding
• What is the primary goal of nursing in health management?


  To manage disease and symptoms and attain maximal function and independence.