MIDTERMS

• What is the period of pregnancy also known as?

  Gestation
• What happens during the gestation period?


  The fertilized ovum implants in the uterus and grows until it can support extra-uterine life.
• What are the three trimesters of pregnancy?

  1. First Trimester: Weeks 1 to 12
  2. Second Trimester: Weeks 13 to 26
  3. Third Trimester: Weeks 27 to 40+
• What are the three main phases of pregnancy?

  1. Implantation: First 2 weeks of gestation
  2. Organogenesis: Next 6 weeks
  3. Growth: Remaining 7 months
• What occurs during the implantation phase of pregnancy?


  The fertilized ovum becomes embedded in the uterine wall and the placenta develops.
• What is organogenesis?


  It is the phase during which the developing fetal tissue undergoes differentiation.
• What characterizes the growth phase of pregnancy?


  It is characterized by rapid cell division and development over the remaining 7 months.
• What are the effects of pregnancy on the gastrointestinal system?

  • Loss of appetite
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Disturbed GI equilibrium during implantation and organogenesis
• What hormone increases until the 3rd and 4th month of pregnancy?

  Progesterone
• What is the role of estrogen during pregnancy?


  It stimulates growth and functional changes in the breasts and suppresses lactogenic function until delivery.
• What is considered an endocrine gland by nutrition scientists during pregnancy?

  The placenta
• What are the effects of pregnancy on the endocrine system?


  • Progesterone prepares the uterus for the fertilized ovum.
  • Estrogen stimulates breast growth and suppresses lactation until delivery.
  • The placenta functions as an endocrine gland.
• What are the nutritional adjustments needed during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy?

  • Energy: Average of 430 kcal must be added
  • Protein: 1.3 g/kg for adult women, 1.5 g/kg for adolescents, 1.7 g/kg for younger girls
  • Vitamins: Vitamin A and Vitamin C
  • Minerals: Calcium and Iron
• What is the recommended weight increase during pregnancy?

  28 lbs
• What is morning sickness?


  It is nausea and vomiting that occurs after getting up in the morning during pregnancy.
• What is pre-eclampsia?


  It is characterized by hypertension with proteinuria and/or edema during pregnancy.
• What is eclampsia?


  It involves convulsions or coma, usually associated with hypertension, proteinuria, and edema.
• What are common complications affecting a mother's health during pregnancy?

  Morning sickness, anemia, diabetes, and constipation.
• What are the factors affecting a mother's health during pregnancy?

  1. Complications of pregnancy (e.g., morning sickness)
  2. Rapid weight gain or loss
  3. Toxemia (pre-eclampsia and eclampsia)
  4. Anemia
  5. Diabetes
  6. Constipation
  7. Socio-economic cultural factors
  8. Alcohol, caffeine, nicotine
  9. Repeated pregnancy

  10. Food supplements
• What initiates milk production during lactation?

  The prolactin hormone
• What is colostrum?


  It is the first thick yellowish fluid that comes out from the 2nd to 5th day after delivery.
• What are the two major processes in milk production?

  1. Prolactin: Controls the production of milk in the alveolus.
  2. Oxytocin: Responsible for the delivery of milk to the infant (let down reflex).
• How much additional energy is needed during lactation?


  300 kcal
• How much additional protein is needed during lactation?


  20 grams
• What factors affect milk secretion during lactation?

  1. Diet
  2. Nutritional state of the mother
  3. Emotional and physical state
  4. Sucking
  5. Use of contraceptives and drugs
• What is the definition of an infant?

  An infant is not more than 12 months of age.
• What is the average weight of an infant?

  1. 7 lbs
• What is the average length of an infant?

  48-50 cm (19-20 inches)
• What is the average head circumference of an infant?

  35 cm (14 inches)
• What are the nutritional needs of infants?


  • Energy: Milk
  • Protein: 2.2 to 2 g/kg body weight
  • Carbohydrates: Lactose
  • Fats
  • Vitamins: Vitamin A and Vitamin C
  • Minerals: Calcium and Iron
• What are the characteristics of a premature infant?


  1. Biochemical handicaps
  2. Higher basal metabolism
  3. Immaturity of digestive and nervous systems
  4. Poor tolerance
  5. Immaturity of the liver affecting infection resistance
  6. Needs more vitamins A, D, E, K, calcium, iron, and phosphorus
• What factors affect an infant's health?


  1. Mother’s attributes and nutritional status
  2. Feeding the infant
• What are the ways of feeding an infant?

  • Breastfeeding
  • Bottle feeding
  • Mixed feeding
• What are the benefits of breastfeeding?


  • Clean
  • Easily digested
  • Non-allergenic
  • Beneficial to the health of the mother
  • Economical and convenient
• When is bottle feeding recommended?


  When breastfeeding is contraindicated, often due to insufficient breast milk.
• What is mixed feeding?


  • Combination of breastfeeding and bottle feeding
  • Complemental: Bottle given to complete breastfeeding
  • Supplemental: Bottle used to replace breastfeeding
• What is weaning?


  • Gradual change from an all-milk diet to a variety of foods
• What supplementary foods are introduced at different months during weaning?


  1. 1 month: All milk diet
  2. 2 months: Liquids (rice water, vegetable water, calamansi juice)
  3. 4 months: Scraped banana, papaya, lugaw, cerelac
  4. 5-6 months: Pureed meat, egg, fruit, vegetables, cereals
  5. 7-8 months: Chopped finely, not strained
  6. 9-12 months: Whole tender foods or coarsely chopped
  7. 1 year: Down to 3 meals with in-between feedings
  8. 1-2 years: Similar foods as family
• What are the common disorders in infants?

  1. Diarrhea
  2. Constipation
  3. Allergy
  4. Vomiting
  5. Colic
• What is the age range for preschool children?

  Between 2-6 years old