#4 MORE AP Bio Unit 2 EXAM

• What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?


  It provides structural support, protection, and helps regulate water uptake.
• What is the primary composition of the plant cell wall?


  Cellulose
• What is the extracellular matrix (ECM)?


  A complex network of proteins and carbohydrates found outside of animal cells.
• What are the key components of the extracellular matrix?


  Collagen, fibronectin, and integrins.
• What are cellular junctions and their purpose?


  • Specialized structures connecting cells
  • Allow for communication and interaction between cells
• What do tight junctions do?


  They create a seal between cells, preventing leakage of fluids.
• Where are tight junctions commonly found?


  In epithelial tissues, such as those lining the urinary bladder and stomach.
• What is the function of desmosomes?


  They provide strong mechanical adhesion between cells.
• What role do gap junctions play in tissues?


  They facilitate intercellular communication by connecting the cytoplasms of adjacent cells.
• What are plasmodesmata?


  Channels that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent plant cells.
• How do microvilli benefit cells?


  They increase the cell's surface area without significantly increasing its volume.
• What is the primary function of cilia?

  To move fluids over the cell surface or propel single-celled organisms through water.
• How do flagella differ from cilia?

  Flagella are longer and fewer in number than cilia.
• What is an electrochemical gradient?


  The combined influence of an ion's concentration gradient and the membrane potential.
• What is the role of an electrogenic pump?


  It generates voltage across a membrane by pumping ions against their concentration gradients.
• What is cotransport?


  A mechanism where the active transport of one solute drives the transport of another solute.
• What is bulk transport?


  The movement of large molecules or particles across the cell membrane by vesicle formation.
• What is endocytosis?

  The process by which cells take in materials from the external environment by engulfing them in vesicles.
• What are the three main types of endocytosis?

  Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
• What is phagocytosis?

  "Cellular eating," involving the engulfment of large particles.
• What is pinocytosis?

  "Cellular drinking," involving the nonspecific uptake of extracellular fluid.
• What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

  A specific form of endocytosis where cells take up specific ligands by forming vesicles coated with receptor proteins.
• What is exocytosis?

  The process by which cells secrete materials to the external environment by fusing vesicles with the plasma membrane.
• What is microscopy and its purpose?

  • The use of microscopes to visualize cells and their components
  • Different types of microscopes are used for various levels of detail
• What is the magnification capability of a light microscope?

  It can magnify specimens up to about 1000x.
• What is the main advantage of electron microscopes over light microscopes?

  They achieve much higher magnifications and resolution.
• What are the two main types of electron microscopes?

  Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) and transmission electron microscopes (TEMs).
• What does a scanning electron microscope (SEM) do?


  Creates detailed 3D images of cell surfaces.
• What does a transmission electron microscope (TEM) do?


  Creates images of cell interiors by passing a beam of electrons through thin sections.
• What is cell fractionation?


  A technique used to separate different cellular components based on size and density.
• What is the surface area-to-volume ratio?


  The ratio of a cell's surface area to its volume.
• Why does the surface area-to-volume ratio limit cell size?


  As a cell increases in size, its volume increases faster than its surface area.
• What is the endosymbiotic theory?


  It proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living prokaryotic cells.
• What does the fluid mosaic model describe?


  The structure of the cell membrane as a dynamic and fluid mosaic of phospholipids and proteins.
• What is turgor pressure?


  The pressure exerted by the cytoplasm against the cell wall in plant cells.
• What causes plasmolysis in plant cells?


  It occurs when a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, causing water to move out.
• What is cell compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells?


  • Internal membranes create specialized compartments called organelles
  • Allows for increased control and efficiency of cellular processes
• What are prokaryotes?


  Cells that lack internal compartments and a nucleus.
• What are eukaryotes?


  Cells that have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
• What are organelles?


  Specialized structures within eukaryotic cells that perform specific functions.