Period 3 elements

• What type of ions do sodium and magnesium form?

  Positive ions
• What charge does sodium form as an ion?

  1+
• What charge does magnesium form as an ion?

  2+
• Why is sodium more reactive than magnesium?

  Sodium loses one electron, magnesium loses two

  
• What effect does using steam have on magnesium's reaction speed?

  It increases the reaction speed
• What color flame does magnesium produce when it burns?

  Bright white flame
• What products are formed when magnesium reacts with steam?

  Hydrogen and magnesium oxide

  
• What do period 3 elements form when they react with oxygen?

  Oxides
• What is the highest oxidation state of period 3 elements?

  Often the same as the group number
• What is the oxidation state of sulfur in SO​3​?

  +6
• What conditions are required for sulfur to form SO​3​?

  High temperatures and a catalyst
• What are the structures and bonding types of period 3 oxides and their effects on properties?

  • Na​2​O: Ionic, melting point ≈ 1250°C, vigorous reactivity
  • MgO: Ionic, melting point ≈ 2750°C, vigorous reactivity
  • Al​2​O​3: Ionic (covalent character), melting point ≈ 2000°C, slow reactivity
  • SiO​2: Macromolecular, melting point ≈ 1500°C, slow reactivity
  • P​4​O​10: Simple covalent, melting point ≈ 500°C, vigorous reactivity
  • SO​2: Simple covalent, melting point ≈ -10°C, burns steadily
• What do ionic oxides form when they react with water?

  Alkaline solutions
• What is the pH range of alkaline solutions formed by ionic oxides?

  10-14
• What do simple covalent oxides of sulfur and phosphorus form when they react with water?

  Acidic solutions
• What is the pH range of acidic solutions formed by simple covalent oxides?

  0-2
• What happens to acids when they are in solution?

  They dissociate into H​+​ ions
• What do basic, ionic oxides produce when they react with acids?

  A salt and water
• What do acidic, covalent oxides produce when they react with bases?

  A salt and water
• Why is aluminium oxide insoluble in water?

  It has partially ionic and covalent bonding
• What does it mean for aluminium oxide to be amphoteric?

  It can act as both an acid and a base
• What does aluminium oxide produce in neutralisation reactions?

  A salt and water
• What are the key reactions involving period 3 oxides with water and acids/bases?

  • Ionic oxides + water → Alkaline solutions (pH 10-14)
  • Simple covalent oxides + water → Acidic solutions (pH 0-2)
  • Basic ionic oxides + acids → Salt and water (neutralisation)
  • Acidic covalent oxides + bases → Salt and water (neutralisation)
  • Aluminium oxide: amphoteric, reacts as acid/base