NOV MOCKS

• Who is considered the father of experimental psychology?

  Wilhelm Wundt
• What are some limitations of classical conditioning?


  It oversimplifies complex behaviors and neglects cognitive factors and biological predispositions.
• What is Social Learning Theory (SLT)?


  SLT posits that behavior is learned through observation and imitation of others.
• What is vicarious reinforcement in SLT?


  Vicarious reinforcement occurs when an individual observes a model being rewarded for a behavior.
• How does SLT differ from behaviorism?


  SLT emphasizes cognitive processes and social context, while behaviorism focuses solely on observable behaviors.
• What are the strengths of the cognitive approach?


  It utilizes scientific methods, contributes to understanding mental processes, and has practical applications.
• What are the limitations of the cognitive approach?


  It may oversimplify complex behaviors and neglect emotional and social factors.
• What are the strengths of cognitive neuroscience?


  It provides a biological basis for cognitive theories and enhances understanding of mental disorders.
• What are the key concepts of classical conditioning?


  • Unconditioned stimulus (US)
  • Unconditioned response (UR)
  • Conditioned stimulus (CS)
  • Conditioned response (CR)
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the cognitive approach?


  Strengths:

  • Utilizes scientific methods
  • Contributes to understanding mental processes
  • Practical applications in therapy and education

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Oversimplifies complex behaviors
  • Neglects emotional and social factors
  • Relies heavily on laboratory studies
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of cognitive neuroscience?


  Strengths:

  • Provides a biological basis for cognitive theories
  • Enhances understanding of mental disorders
  • Utilizes advanced imaging techniques

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Can be expensive
  • Interpretations of data can be complex
  • Relationship between brain activity and cognition is not always clear
• What is the role of reinforcement in behavior?


  Reinforcement strengthens and increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
• Why is reinforcement important in behavior modification?


  It helps to encourage desired behaviors and discourage undesired ones.
• What is classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov's study?


  • Pavlov paired the ringing of a bell with dog food.
  • The bell was a neutral stimulus; food was an unconditioned stimulus.
  • A conditioned response was formed through pairing.
  • The bell became a conditioned stimulus, producing salivation without food.
• What was the neutral stimulus in Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment?


  The ringing of a bell.
• What was the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov's study?


  The food that naturally resulted in salivation.
• How did the bell transform from a neutral stimulus to a conditioned stimulus in Pavlov's study?


  Through repeated pairing with the unconditioned stimulus (food), it elicited a conditioned response (salivation).
• What is cognitive neuroscience?


  • An area of psychology.
  • Focuses on the neural bases of cognitive functions.
• Why is cognitive neuroscience significant in psychology?


  It helps to understand how cognitive functions are linked to brain activity.
• Social Cognitive Theory


  A theoretical framework that emphasizes the role of social factors in learning and behavior.
• Cognitive Approach Limitations


  Oversimplification, Limited Scope, Methodological Challenges
• Cognitive Approach Assumptions


  Mind as Computer, Information Processing, Internal Processing
• Main Assumption of Cognitive Approach


  The Cognitive Approach assumes that internal mental processes such as thinking, memory, and perception can and should be studied scientifically.
• How Cognitive Psychologists Explain Human Behavior


  They explain human behavior through the processing of information, likening the mind to a computer that inputs, stores, and retrieves data.
• introspection is the process by which 


  A person gains knowledge about his or her own mental/emotional states
• Wilhem wundt


  1837-1920
• Wundt’s Lab was located in 


  Leipzig Germany
• What was wundts aim?

  to study the structure of the human mind
• Wundts methods were unreliable because…


  his research relied primarily on ‘nonverbal’ responses
• Introspection is not particularly accurate because


  attitudes and stereotypes are unknown to us
• Introspection is still useful in scientific psychology because…


  it can be used, for example, to measure something’s such as happiness
• Classical conditioning is… 


  when one stimulus is associated with an other stimulus, leading to the same response getting triggered
• Pavlov researched 


  classical conditioning in dogs
• Pavlov in 


  1927
• Natural stimulus in any reflex is referred to as 


  the unconditioned stimulus
• The natural response to the UCS is


  the unconditioned response
• A neutral stimulus is introduced

  which does not elicit the the UCR but is presented slightly before the UCS
• After many parings of the NS+UCS,


  The NS is now able to produce the same response without the UCS present - salvation at the sound of bell
• NS is now referred to as the


  CS conditioned stimulus
• The response to the CS is the 


  CR Conditioned response