Tectonic Hazards

• What is the more rigid outer part of the Earth.

  The Lithosphere
• What is the upper layer of the Earths Mantle

  The Asthenosphere
• What is the rigid shell that surrounds the Mantle


  The Crust
• What is the Solid material surrounding the core that can flow very slowly.

  The Mantle
• What is the liquid layer of iron and nickel surrounding the inner core.

  The Outer Core
• What it the solid centre of the Earth made up of iron and nickel.


  The Inner Core
• What is a Convection Current?

  The theory of plate movement that suggests as the semi-molten rock in the mantle is heated, it becomes less dense than its surroundings and rises. It spreads out as it reaches the crust above, moving the plates. As the semi-molten rock cools, it gradually sinks back down to reheat.
• What is The Ridge Push?

  The theory of tectonic plate movement that suggests newly-formed plates at oceanic ridges (constructive plate margins) are warm and have a higher elevation at the oceanic ridge than the colder, more dense plate material further away; gravity causes the higher plate at the ridge to push away, causing the plates to move away from each other.
• What is the Slab Pull?

  The theory of tectonic plate movement that suggests at destructive plate margins the denser, oceanic plate sinks into the mantle under the influence of gravity, which pulls the rest of the plate along with it.
• What happens at a Destructive Plate Margin

  The oceanic and continental plates collide and the denser, oceanic plate is forced under the lighter, continental plate. This is called Subduction. As the plates rub together friction is made which is released as an Earthquake when the plates jolt past eachother. The oceanic plate melts into Magma. The increased pressure in the mantle forces the magma up through the cracks in the crust forming mountains and when the maga reaches the surface, it erupts as a volcano
• What happens at a Constructive Plate Margin?

  The 2 plates move away from eachother and friction builds up along the cracks in the plates as they move, causing an Earthquake. Magma can rise through the gap created and can eruput as a volcano
• What happens at a Conservative Plate Margin?

  The 2 plates either move past eachother in the same direction but at different speeds or they move sideways past eachother in the opposite direction. Friction builds up as they grind past eachother and get stuck, this is released as an Earthquake.
• At a conservative plate margin, crust isn't created or destroyed so no new landforms like volcanoes are formed
• Do all of the Tectonic plate margins form Earthquakes?

  Yes
• Which is the only plate margin that doesn't form a volcano?

  Conservative Plate Margin
• What are 3 primary impacts for Earthquakes


  1. Infastructure destroyed
  2. Deaths and injury due to collapsing building
  3. Broken pipes and electricity cables
• What are 3 secondary impacts for Earthquakes?

  1. Tsunami, landslides, fires
  2. communites cut off
  3. Cholera outbreak due to dead bodies and contaminated water
• What are 3 primary impacts for Volcanoes?

  1. Farmland and homes covered in ash and lava
  2. Flights grounded due to ash cloud
  3. Water contaminated due to lava, ash and toxic gas
• What are 3 secondary impacts for volcanoes?

  1. Glaciers can melt and cause flooding
  2. Mudflows and lahars caused by meltwater mixing with ash
  3. Increased tourism
• What are the 4 Long-term responses


  1. Reconstruction of areas
  2. Restoring essential utilites
  3. Rehoming people
  4. Mimimising the future risk of damage and deaths
• LIC'S will struggle to miminise the future risk of damage and deaths as they don't have the money to invest in the technology ecpecially after just dealing with a tectonic hazard
• The short term response is important because it provides immediate relief to those affected by the disaster
• What are the 4 Short term responses?

  1. Search and rescue
  2. Evacuation/ beforehand if possible
  3. Providing emergency care and supplies
  4. Use of social media to give advice and aid the search and resuce
• The main of of short term responses are to limit the death toll as much as possible
• Give 5 reasons why people live in areas of tectonic risk

  1. Geothermal energy- renwable energy source
  2. People have hope that the Government can protect them especially in HIC'S where they have technology and effective monitoring techniques
  3. Some people can't afford to move
  4. The nutrients from the ash make the soil very fertile and good for farming
  5. Valuable minerals underneath
• What can be used to Monitor Earthquakes

  Seismometer and lasers- act as an early warning system
• What are the 4 Management methods to reduce the risk of tectonic hazards

  1. Planning
  2. Prediction
  3. Protection
  4. Monitoring
• True or False, Earthquakes are easily predicatable

  False, although scientists may be able to predict where it will happen by tectonic movement
• What 5 methods of planning can be used?

  1. Future developments can avoid high-risk areas
  2. Emergency services can be trained and practice
  3. People can be educated
  4. Planned evacuation routes
  5. Emergency supplies can be stockpilled