Module 6

• What is an example of plant natural cloning?

  Vegetative propagation
• What type of reproduction does vegetative propagation represent?


  Asexual reproduction
• What is the genetic relationship between the offspring and the parent in vegetative propagation?


  The offspring is genetically identical to the parent
• How does vegetative propagation occur in plants?


  When a plant body part is separated and develops into a new plant
• What is a specific example of a plant that can reproduce asexually?

  English Elm
• How does the English Elm adapt to damage in terms of reproduction?


  It can be propagated by removing suckers from the tree
• When is the best time to remove suckers from the English Elm for propagation?


  During autumn
• What is done with the suckers after they are removed from the English Elm?


  They are grown in a nursery bed
• What is a simple cloning technique used in plants?


  Plant cuttings
• How is a plant cutting prepared for cloning?


  A section of the stem is cut between the leaf and nodes
• What is used to encourage the cut end of a plant cutting to grow?

  Plant hormones
• What is an example of natural cloning in animal species?


  The formation of twins by embryo splitting
• What are the key steps in vegetative propagation of plants?


  A plant body part is separated, the part develops into a new plant
• What is an example of artificial plant cloning?

  Tissue culture
• What is the initial step in tissue culture for cloning plants?

  An explant is taken from the shoot tip of the plant
• What happens to the cells in the tissue during tissue culture?

  The cells divide by mitosis to form a callus
• What is a callus in the context of tissue culture?


  A mass of undifferentiated cells
• What is done after a few weeks of callus formation in tissue culture?


  Single callus cells are removed and placed on a growth medium with hormones
• What is the purpose of adding plant hormones to the growth medium after callus formation?


  To stimulate shoot growth
• What happens to the shoots after they are formed in tissue culture?


  They are transferred to growth medium
• Where are the growing plants moved after tissue culture?


  To a greenhouse
• What is micropropagation in artificial plant cloning?


  A method that produces plants from a callus in a nutrient-rich medium
• What is the first step in micropropagation?


  A callus is produced by placing explants in a nutrient-rich medium
• What happens after the callus is formed in micropropagation?


  The callus is transferred to another medium with growth regulators
• What is done after a plantlet is formed in micropropagation?


  It is acclimatised
• Why is micropropagation commercially used?


  To produce plants that are difficult to grow from seed
• What are the advantages of artificial plant cloning?


  A large number of plants can be produced easily and independently of season
• What are the disadvantages of artificial plant cloning?


  Lack of variation as the plants are genetically identical
• What is a method of artificial cloning in animals?

  Nuclear transfer
• How does nuclear transfer work in animal cloning?


  A differentiated cell is fused with an enucleated egg cell
• What is produced through nuclear transfer?


  Offspring genetically identical to the parent
• What is embryo splitting in animal cloning?


  Cells from a developing embryo are separated to produce identical organisms
• What are the advantages of artificial animal cloning?


  Animals beneficial to humans can be cloned quickly
• How can artificial cloning help endangered species?


  It can be used to preserve them
• What are the disadvantages of artificial animal cloning?


  Lack of genetic variation and health uncertainties
• What concerns are associated with artificial animal cloning?


  Concerns about the welfare of animals