Isomerism

• What is a homologous series in organic chemistry?

  A homologous series is a group of organic compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties.
• What is a functional group?

  A functional group is a specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of that molecule.
• What suffix is used for aldehydes?

  The suffix for aldehydes is -al.
• What prefix is used for aldehydes?

  The prefix for aldehydes is formyl-.
• What suffix is used for ketones?

  The suffix for ketones is -one.
• What prefix is used for ketones?

  The prefix for ketones is oxo-.
• What suffix is used for carboxylic acids?

  The suffix for carboxylic acids is -oic acid.
• What suffix is used for nitriles?

  The suffix for nitriles is -nitrile.
• What prefix is used for nitriles?

  The prefix for nitriles is cyano-.
• What suffix is used for amines?

  The suffix for amines is -amine.
• What prefix is used for amines?


  The prefix for amines is amino-.
• What is the suffix for esters?

  The suffix for esters is -yl –oate.
• What is the suffix for acyl chlorides?

  The suffix for acyl chlorides is -oyl chloride.
• What is the suffix for amides?

  The suffix for amides is -amide.
• What is the suffix for acid anhydrides?

  The suffix for acid anhydrides is -oic anhydride.
• What is the order of precedence for naming functional groups in organic compounds?

  1. Carboxylic acids
  2. Carboxylic acid derivatives
  3. Nitriles
  4. Aldehydes
  5. Ketones
  6. Alcohols
  7. Amines
  8. Alkenes
  9. Halogenoalkanes
• How does the order of precedence affect naming when multiple functional groups are present?

  The highest precedence group takes the suffix, while others take the prefix form.
• What is the naming convention for aldehydes regarding carbon numbering?

  Aldehydes always have the C=O bond on the first carbon of the chain.
• What is the naming convention for ketones when there are 5 or more carbons in the chain?

  Ketones require a number to show the position of the double bond.
• What is the naming convention for carboxylic acids regarding carbon numbering?

  Carboxylic acids always start numbering from the carboxylic acid end.
• What is the naming convention for compounds with carboxylic acid groups on both ends of the chain?

  They are called a -dioic acid.
• How are secondary and tertiary amines named differently?

  In secondary and tertiary amines, the smaller alkyl group is preceded by an -N.
• What is the naming convention for compounds with two amine groups?

  They are named using the format N,N-dialkylamine or as diamines.
• What is the prefix used for compounds that contain a ketone group in addition to a carboxylic acid or aldehyde?

  The prefix used is oxo-.
• What is the naming convention for compounds with two ketone groups?

  Di is put before -one and an e is added to the stem.
• What is the naming convention for compounds with two aldehyde groups?

  Di is put before -al and an e is added to the stem.
• What are the types of structural isomerism?

  • Chain isomerism
  • Position isomerism
  • Functional group isomerism
• What is stereoisomerism?

  • Stereoisomers have the same structural formula but different spatial arrangements.
  • Types include geometrical (E-Z isomerism) and optical isomerism.
• What is the definition of optical isomerism?

  Optical isomerism occurs in compounds with a chiral carbon atom that has four different groups attached.
• What are enantiomers?

  Enantiomers are two compounds that are optical isomers of each other and are mirror images.
• What is a racemic mixture?

  A racemic mixture contains equal amounts of two enantiomers and does not rotate plane-polarized light.
• How do optical isomers affect plane-polarized light?

  Optical isomers rotate plane-polarized light in different directions.
• What is the significance of the R/S system in optical isomer nomenclature?

  The R/S system is a more informative way to describe the configuration of chiral centers in optical isomers.
• What is the effect of drug action determined by stereochemistry?

  Different optical isomers may have very different effects on biological systems.
• What happened with thalidomide regarding its optical isomers?

  One enantiomer caused birth defects while the other had sedative properties.
• How does the nucleophilic addition of HCN to aldehydes and ketones relate to optical isomers?

  The addition results in a racemate due to equal chances of forming either enantiomer.
• How does the addition of HBr to an unsymmetrical alkene lead to a racemate?

  The bromide can attack the planar carbocation from both sides, leading to a racemate.
• What is the major product in the reaction of an unsymmetrical alkene with HBr?

  The major product is formed from the more stable carbocation intermediate.
• What is the significance of the trigonal planar group in the formation of a racemate?

  A trigonal planar group allows for equal attack from both sides, leading to a racemate.
• What are the key differences between structural isomers and stereoisomers?

  • Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structures.
  • Stereoisomers have the same structural formula but different spatial arrangements.