GROUP PROPERTIES

• What are the elements in Group IA known as?


  Alkali metals
• How many valence electrons do alkali metals have?


  One valence electron
• What happens to the ease of removal of the valence electron in alkali metals as atomic size increases?


  The ease of removal increases
• Why are alkali metals not found in nature as free elements?


  They are found in combination with other metals
• What type of hydrides do alkali metals form when heated in hydrogen gas?


  White solid hydrides
• Which alkali metal reacts readily with nitrogen at room temperature?

  Lithium
• What do alkali metals form when they react vigorously with water?


  Hydrogen gas and a metallic hydroxide
• Why are alkali metals stored under kerosene?


  To prevent reaction with moisture and air
• What are the common properties of alkali metals?


  • One valence electron
  • Most reactive of all metals
  • Cations are stable chemically
  • Not found in nature as free elements
• What is the general solubility of alkali metal salts in water?


  Virtually all salts are soluble in water
• Which alkali metals can have water of hydration or crystallization?


  Only lithium and sodium salts
• What color solution do alkali metals form in liquid ammonia?


  A blue solution
• What are the elements in Group IB known as?


  Coinage metals
• What is the electron configuration of coinage metals?


  One electron in the valence shell followed by 18 electrons in the next shell
• How do coinage metals differ from alkali metals in terms of reactivity?


  They are much less reactive chemically
• What type of bonds do coinage metals primarily form?

  Covalent bonds, especially with halides
• What is a notable property of coinage metals regarding their recovery from ores?


  They occur in the free metallic state
• What are the properties of coinage metals?

  • One valence electron followed by 18 electrons
  • Exist in polyvalent state
  • Form covalent bonds
  • Relatively hard and stable in air
• What are the elements in Group IIA known as?


  Alkali earth metals
• What type of cations do alkali earth metals form?


  Bivalent cations
• Which alkali earth metals reduce water to release hydrogen?


  All except beryllium and magnesium
• What is the flame color of calcium?


  Brick red
• What are the properties of alkali earth metals?


  • Form ionic salts and oxides
  • Generally insoluble salts except for hydroxides
  • Salts are generally hydrates
  • Flame colors vary by element
• What are the elements in Group IIB known as?


  Third transition metals
• What type of bonds do third transition metals form?


  Both ionic and covalent bonds
• What is the oxidation state of mercury in Group IIB?


  Mono and divalent
• What are the elements in Group IIIA known as?


  Boron family
• Which elements in Group IIIA are pharmaceutically useful?


  Boron and aluminum
• What type of bonds do elements in Group IIIA tend to form?


  Covalent bonds
• What happens to aluminum when heated in air?


  It readily oxidizes
• What is the reaction of aluminum with sulfur?


  Al + S → Al2S3
• What are the properties of the boron family?


  • Tendency to form covalent bonds
  • Readily oxidized when heated
  • Hydroxides show amphoteric properties (except B and Tl)
• What are the elements in Group IIIB?


  Scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, actinium
• What is a notable property of the lanthanides and actinides?


  They have no applications in pharmacy
• What is the valence of cerium in the lanthanide series?


  +3 or +4 valence
• What are the elements in Group IVA known as?


  Carbon family
• What is the maximum valence of carbon and silicon?


  4
• What is the significance of carbon in organic compounds?


  It is the basic building block
• What is the reactivity of silicon with oxygen?


  It reacts moderately
• What are the properties of the carbon family?


  • C and Si are nonmetals
  • Most important is C for organic compounds
  • Si is the second most abundant element
  • Hydroxides are weak acids