Human Resources

• What is the primary goal of Human Resource Management?


  To achieve competitive advantage through a committed and capable workforce
• What does Human Resource Management involve?


  Recruiting, hiring, deploying, and managing employees
• What is the responsibility of Human Resource Management regarding policies?


  To create, implement, and oversee policies governing workers
• What is Personnel Management concerned with?


  Engagement and effective utilization of manpower for efficiency
• What are the main components of a Personnel Program?


  1. Employment
  2. Safety
  3. Employee Relations
  4. Employee Research and Standards
  5. Employee Services
• What activities are included in the Employment component of a Personnel Program?


  Recruitment, interviewing, testing, induction, and placement
• What does the Safety component of a Personnel Program focus on?


  Provisions for safety standards and accident investigation
• What does Employee Relations encompass in a Personnel Program?


  Collective bargaining, wage administration, and grievance systems
• What is included in Employee Research and Standards?


  Job analysis, job description, and job evaluation
• What types of services are included in Employee Services?


  Recreational plans, insurance plans, and profit-sharing plans
• What is a Personnel Policy?


  A formal statement of intention for a specific purpose
• What are the ten areas normally considered by personnel policies?


  1. Recruitment, selection, and planning
  2. Employee induction and training
  3. Employee rating and promotion
  4. Transfer, downgrading, and lay-off
  5. Disciplining and discharge
  6. Salary and wage administration
  7. Changes in work assignment and hours
  8. Services for employees
  9. Employee’s health and safety

  10. Employees’ participation and work problems
• What are Internal Sources of labor?


  Employees actively working in the laboratory
• What are External Sources of labor?


  Individuals not currently employed but seeking opportunities
• What are the key theories of motivation mentioned?

  1. Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory
  2. Maslow’s Theory
  3. McGregor’s Theory
  4. McClelland’s Achievement Model
  5. Alderfer’s ERG Theory
  6. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
  7. Adam’s Equity Theory
  8. Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory
• What does motivation refer to?


  Drives, desires, needs, and wishes that prompt action
• What are the two types of factors in Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory?


  Extrinsic (Hygiene) and Intrinsic (Motivation) factors
• What are the intrinsic factors in Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory?


  1. Achievement
  2. Recognition
  3. Responsibility
  4. Advancement
• What are the extrinsic factors in Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory?


  1. Pay or salary increases
  2. Technical supervision
  3. Human relations
  4. Organization policy
  5. Working conditions
  6. Job security
• What are the five basic needs in Maslow’s Theory?


  1. Physiological needs
  2. Safety needs
  3. Love needs
  4. Esteem needs
  5. Need for self-actualization
• What does Theory X suggest about employees?


  People hate to work and need to be driven
• What does Theory Y suggest about employees?


  People do not need to be forced to work and seek responsibility
• What does McClelland’s Achievement Model focus on?


  The strength of behavioral motives related to achieving specific goals
• What are the needs identified in McClelland’s Achievement Model?


  1. Achievement needs (nAch)
  2. Power needs (nPow)
  3. Affiliation needs (nAff)
• What does Alderfer’s ERG Theory categorize needs into?


  1. Existence needs
  2. Relatedness needs
  3. Growth needs
• What does Vroom’s Expectancy Theory state?


  Effort will bring rewards and motivation is tied to expectations
• What is the focus of Adam’s Equity Theory?


  Perceived fairness in work situations compared to others
• What is Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory based on?


  Behavior is influenced by the way we are treated
• What are the components of Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory?


  1. Law of Effect
  2. Stimulus
  3. Response
  4. Reinforcement
  5. Behavior Motivation
• What does leadership refer to in an organization?


  People making major decisions regarding various functions
• What characterizes organizations with strong leadership?


  They have a clear vision and measurable success
• How can employees be motivated according to the text?


  By understanding management’s expectations and providing support
• What external factor influences leadership success related to customers?


  Customer satisfaction with products and services
• How must business owners respond to economic changes?


  By adjusting operations according to economic indicators
• What is organizational culture?


  • Behaviors, values, and beliefs shaping the work environment
  • Influenced by physical workspaces and tools for job performance
• What are the four leadership models mentioned?


  1. Exploitative and Authoritative
  2. Benevolent and Authoritative
  3. Consultative
  4. Participative
• What are the principles of leadership?


  1. Employee Oriented
  2. Product Oriented
  3. Structure Style
  4. Consideration Style