umar (ra)

• Persian Battles

  • battle of namariq
  • battle of bridge
  • battle of buwayb
  • battle of qadsiyah
  • fall of madain
  • battle of nihawand
• Battle of Namariq - Persia

  • 634 AD - 13 AH
  • abu bakr, khalid bin walid, hira
  • rustam commander
  • ubaid ath thaqafi
  • 5000 muslims
  • jaban right hand killed
  • muslims won
• Battle of Bridge

  • persians startled
  • rustam appointed bahman
  • ubaid ath thaqafi crossed river against advice
  • elephants with bells, scared Arab horses
  • persian archers attacked
  • elephants trampled Muslims
  • ubaid martyred
  • 6000 muslims martyred
  • Muthanna took charge
  • muslim soldier wrongly cut off bridge ropes
  • many Muslims drowned attempting to get to safety
• Battle of Buwayb

  • 634/635 - 13 AH
  • revenge from muslims of Bridge Battle
  • joint regional Muslim army
  • Muthanna from sickbed
  • 200,000 persians
  • 20,000 muslims
  • during Ramadan, break fast
  • Persians crossed bridge
  • river of Euphrates
  • Mahran persian leader killed
  • muslims blocked bridge access
  • western part of persia fell into Muslim hands
• Battle of Qadsiya

  • 636/637
  • last emperor Yesdgird
  • Umar wanted to lead army but shura said no
  • accept Islam, pay jizya, or war
  • 3 month small skirmishes
  • 60,000 persians
  • lead by Rustum
  • lead by Sa’ad ibn Abi Waqqas - bedridden
  • 3 day battle
  • 2/3 persians dead
  • 1/5 muslims martyred
  • king ran away with other ministers and nobility
  • decisive battle
  • captured Madain and Iraq
• Fall of Madain

  • madain was capital
  • was across the river
  • Muslims crossed river
  • “ Red Sea, musa (as)…” said by Sa’ad
  • felt like walking across ground
  • 600 Muslim archers
  • Persians ran away
  • Muslims conquered easily
  • territory from river Euphrates to river Tigris became Muslims
• Battle of Nihawand

  • 642 AD
  • some peace after Jalula
  • 60,000 Persians
  • lead by Firuzan
  • 30,000 muslims
  • 3 day battle
  • Muslims got them out the fort through clever tactics
  • 38,000 persians dead
  • persian empire khalas
  • last and greatest victory
• Conquest of Egypt - Byzantine

  • egypt was a danger to security of Hijaz due to regional placement
  • lead by Amr ibn al Aas
  • 40,000 muslims
  • laid siege to Roman forces in Fustat, Cairo
  • all fortresses conquered
  • egypt fell into Islam’s sway
• Battle of Yarmuk - Byzantine

  • 636 AD
  • led mainly by Khalid bin Walid
  • triggered by previous fall of Damascus and Hims
  • 1 month conflict
  • final battle end of august
  • islam, jizya, or war
  • 260,000 Heraclius army
  • Abu ubaydah bin jarrah, Amr ibn al Aas, Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan
  • 30,000 ish Muslims
  • 6 day battle
  • Muslims tricked Byzantines into rough terrain
  • separated infantry from cavalry leaving them vulnerable
  • dust storm blinded Byzantines
  • demoralised by Arab Christian rumours
  • 3000 Muslims martyred
  • 140,000 byzantines dead
  • Heraclius ran away
  • byzantines finished
• Fall of Jerusalem - Byzantine

  • Amr ibn al Aas besieged Jerusalem
  • four month siege - cold, harsh conditions
  • Jerusalem offered peaceful truce after Byzantine defeat
  • asked Umar to come
  • he consulted with shura and left Ali in charge
  • slave, camel, dirty patches, scriptures
  • payed jizya for security of life
  • allowed for open places of worship and free religion
  • keys of Jerusalem and masjid al Aqsa given to Umar
  • Jerusalem fell into Muslim hands
• Administration of Umar ibn al Khattab


  • Main principle of justice and fair dealings
  • Set up provinces into districts
  • Districts had Revenue Collectors and Judges
  • Made new laws, regulations, in accordance to Quran and Sunna
  • Set up jails, education, police
  • Set up majlis shura - companion council
  • Deewan for pensions and Baitul Mal
  • Walked around city at night to hear of sufferings
  • Made Islamic calendar official
  • Rights of non muslims emphasised
  • Well disciplined army
  • Introduced salary of soldiers
  • Built military towns all over empire and cantonements
  • Stressed female education
  • Trained teachers to teach Quran in small villages
  • Took special care of farmers and agriculture
  • Punished and rewarded equally, very just
• Martyrdom of Umar

  • Abu lulu Feroz
  • unhappy with Umars verdict on Mughaira labour tax
  • openly threatened to kill Umar
  • Umar refused to arrest him and then made a law against arrest based on suspicion of perceived danger
  • stabbed in ruku with poisonous dagger
  • feroz killed other worshipers
  • then got caught and killed himself
  • selected 6 companions to elect next caliph
  • ruled for 10 years, 5 months, 21 days
  • super duper prosperous golden age amazing caliphate

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