birds

• Commonly used antibiotics include….

  • TMPS e.g. first line, broad spectrum, licenced.
  • Penicillin and co-amoxiclav e.g. first line, broad spectrum.
  • Can be expensive as the dose can be higher than in mammals
  • Metronidazole if anaerobic (not poultry).
  • Doxycyline e.g. Chlamydia psittaci.
  • Enrofloxacin (fluoroquinolone) -not without culture and sensitivity.
  • Azithromycin (macrolide) e.g. Chlamydia psittaci
• • Oxygen is very important, they have a high oxygen demand due to their high metabolism. (signs of respiratory disease in birds means a severe disease)
  • Fluids and supportive nutrition e.g., crop tubing
  • Birds often die of emaciation before they die of the respiratory disease
  • Nebulisation is incredibly effective due to their airway anatomy.
  • Treatments are often multi-modal and given for a long duration, lower respiratory tract can be hard to target (due to their anatomy)
  • Birds have no diaphragm and a packed celomic cavity, it is not uncommon for LRT clinical signs to be celomic disease
• Birds are very susceptible to smoke and fumes as well as fungi such as aspergillus.
• LRT bacterial infections can cause tracheitis, bronchitis, air sacculitis, pneumonia
• URT bacterial infections can cause: rhinitis, sinusitis, conjunctivitis.
• • Husbandry issues such as allergy, stress, low humidity, poor hygiene/ventilation, hypovitaminosis A.
  • Circulatory causes e.g. heart disease (pulmonary oedema), arteriosclerosis.
  • Space occupying lesions e.g. tumours, organomegaly, reproductive disease, obesity, rhinoliths, pulmonary fibrosis, choanal atresia, occluding fungal plaques
  • Foreign bodies (cause granulomatous tracheitis)
  • Viruses
  • Fungal infections
  • Parasitic
• common agents involved in birds are Psittacosis (Chlamydia psittaci) and Aspergillosis
• common agents involved in chickens are

  • Infectious Laryngotracheitis
  • Syngamus trachea (gapeworm)
• label the image

  A) lungs

  B) heart

  C) liver

  D) ventriculus

  E) intestines

  F) caudal

  
• label the image

  A) lungs

  B) heart

  C) liver

  D) ventriculus

  E) intestines

  F) proventriculus

  G) spleen

  H) kidney

  
• what is the diagnosis?

  coccidiosis