UTI

• What is the common abbreviation for urinary tract infection?

  UTI
• What is the most common type of lower urinary tract infection?

  Cystitis
• What is the primary mechanism by which the urinary tract avoids infection?

  The diluting and flushing action of urine production

  
• What is the role of the valve between the bladder and ureter?

  It prevents reflux
• What is the significance of Tamm-Horsfall protein in the urinary tract?

  It binds E. coli and prevents attachment

  
• What are some risk factors for developing a urinary tract infection?

  Catheterization, obstruction, vesicoureteric reflux, pregnancy, and diabetes
• Which organism is most commonly associated with community-acquired UTIs?

  Escherichia coli
• What is the primary pathogen associated with hospital-acquired UTIs?

  Pathogens are often resistant to antimicrobials
• What type of organism is Candida albicans?

  Unicellular yeast
• What are the symptoms of cystitis?

  Dysuria, frequency, and suprapubic pain
• What is acute pyelonephritis?

  Infection of the kidney, most commonly caused by E. coli
• What is the most common cause of acute pyelonephritis?

  Escherichia coli
• What is the purpose of a Foley catheter?

  To drain urine from the bladder

  
• What are the sources of microorganisms in catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI)?

  Endogenous and exogenous sources
• What is the significance of mid-stream urine (MSU) collection?

  It reduces contamination from the distal urethra
• What is the purpose of refrigerating urine samples during transport?

  To prevent false positive results
• What does the presence of a high number of white blood cells in a urine sample indicate?

  Pyuria, which suggests infection
• What are urinary casts and how do they form?

  Casts are cylindrical structures formed in the distal nephron from Tamm-Horsfall protein
• What are the types of urinary casts and their significance?

  • Hyaline casts: Formed by stressed cells, no cells associated
  • Cellular casts: Cells attach to the cast surface due to acute tubular injury
  • Granular casts: Degeneration of cellular casts
• What is the role of biofilms in catheter-associated urinary tract infections?

  Biofilms lead to bacterial growth on the catheter surface

  
• What complications can arise from catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI)?

  1. 2% of CAUTI can lead to bacteremia
• What is the significance of the dip-slide technique in urine sample processing?

  It helps confirm infection by detecting bacteria in urine
• What is the recommended temperature for refrigerating urine samples if delays are unavoidable?

  4°C
• What does the presence of RBCs in urine indicate?

  Hematuria, which may suggest glomerulonephritis or renal calculi
• How does the presence of epithelial cells in urine samples indicate contamination?

  Epithelial cells suggest skin contamination from the collection process
• What is the significance of observing fungi or parasites in a urine sample?

  It is diagnostic for certain infections
• What is the main cause of chronic pyelonephritis?

  Obstruction of the urinary tract
• What is the role of the ureters in the urinary tract?

  They transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
• What is the primary function of the bladder?

  To store urine
• What is the role of the kidneys in the urinary system?

  To filter blood and produce urine
• What is the significance of the urethra in the urinary tract?


  It is the passage through which urine is expelled from the body

  
• How does pregnancy affect the urinary tract?

  It can cause impaired urine flow due to hormonal changes and pressure
• What is the relationship between diabetes and urinary tract infections?

  Diabetes can lead to autonomic neuropathy, causing incomplete bladder emptying
• How do urinary tract infections differ between community and hospital settings?

  Community UTIs often involve E. coli, while hospital UTIs may involve resistant pathogens
• What is the importance of specimen collection in diagnosing UTIs?

  Proper collection minimizes contamination and ensures accurate diagnosis
• What is the role of automated sample processing in UTI diagnosis?


  It increases efficiency in handling urine samples
• What is the significance of a sterile pot in urine sample collection?

  It prevents contamination of the sample
• How does the presence of urinary salts contribute to CAUTI?

  Urinary salts can lead to encrustation and biofilm formation on catheters

  
• What is the role of healthcare personnel in the pathogenesis of CAUTI?

  They can introduce exogenous microorganisms during catheter insertion
• What is the primary treatment for urinary tract infections?

  Antimicrobial therapy