APHUG: Migration

• What are some common causes of migration?

  Economic opportunities, political instability, environmental changes, and social reasons
• Why might individuals migrate for economic reasons?

  To find better job prospects or higher wages
• What can force people to migrate due to conflict?

  Conflict and persecution can force people to seek safety
• What types of environmental disasters can lead to migration?

  Droughts or hurricanes
• What social reasons might lead to migration?

  To reunite with family members or pursue education
• What are the effects of migration on origin and destination areas?

  • Impacts demographics, economies, cultures, and societies
  • Can lead to brain drain and labor market changes
  • Promotes cultural exchange and diversity
  • May exacerbate overcrowding or urban sprawl
  • Remittances can boost origin countries' economies
  • Can cause social tensions and xenophobia in destinations
• What does population composition refer to?

  The structure of a population, including age, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status
• Why are age distribution and dependency ratios important?

  They are important components of population composition
• How can ethnic diversity influence a population?

  It can influence cultural dynamics within a population
• How do economic factors like income levels impact population composition?

  They affect the socioeconomic status of individuals within the population
• What are the types of forced migration?

  • Conflict-induced displacement
  • Environmental displacement
  • Economic migration
  • Asylum seeking
• What causes conflict-induced displacement?

  Wars or conflicts within a region
• What is environmental displacement caused by?

  Natural disasters or environmental degradation
• What drives economic migration?

  Economic factors pushing people to leave their homes
• What does asylum seeking involve?

  Fleeing countries to seek protection due to persecution or fear of harm
• What characterizes voluntary migration?

  • Individuals choose to relocate for various reasons
  • Driven by push factors (e.g., unemployment) and pull factors (e.g., job prospects)
  • Types include labor migration, retirement migration, and lifestyle migration
  • Voluntary migrants often have more agency and resources than forced migrants
• What is chain migration?

  A pattern where immigrants are followed by others from the same origin
• How does chain migration impact the host country?

  It can lead to the formation of ethnic enclaves
• What role do government policies play in chain migration?

  They may influence the extent and nature of chain migration
• What is guest worker migration?

  The temporary movement of foreign workers for employment
• What types of jobs do guest workers typically fill?

  Low-skilled or seasonal jobs
• How do host countries benefit from guest workers?

  They fill labor shortages in specific sectors
• What are key considerations in guest worker migration?

  Exploitation, housing conditions, and social integration
• What are immigration policies?

  • Rules and regulations controlling entry, stay, and rights of immigrants
  • May prioritize skill-based immigration or family reunification
  • Can be restrictive, leading to undocumented immigration issues
  • May include refugee-specific policies for humanitarian needs
• What does internal migration refer to?

  The movement of people within a country or region
• What are some causes of internal migration?

  Economic opportunities, employment prospects, and better living conditions
• What are the impacts of internal migration?

  Changes in population distribution, urbanization, and cultural diversity
• What are pull factors?

  Positive aspects that attract people to a particular location
• What are some examples of pull factors?

  Better job opportunities, higher standards of living, and political stability
• How can government policies act as pull factors?

  By providing incentives to encourage people to move to specific locations
• What are push factors?

  Factors that compel individuals to leave a location
• What are some examples of push factors?

  Political instability, economic recession, and natural disasters
• How can push factors affect migration?

  They can lead to both internal and international migration
• What are Ravenstein's Laws of Migration?

  • Principles explaining patterns of human migration
  • Focus on push and pull factors
  • Most migrants travel short distances and settle in urban areas
  • Migration flow results in counter-flow back to origin
  • Networks and channels facilitate migration
• What does rural-to-urban migration refer to?

  The movement of people from rural areas to cities
• What factors drive rural-to-urban migration?

  Push factors like lack of job opportunities and pull factors like better amenities
• What challenges do migrants face in urban centers?

  Inadequate housing and social integration
• How does rural-to-urban migration impact urban areas?

  It contributes to urbanization, affecting infrastructure and social services
• What is step migration?

  • Sequential movement from one place to another with stops in between
  • Involves short-term stays or longer periods in interim locations
  • Occurs due to economic, political, or environmental factors
  • Helps migrants adapt gradually to new environments
• What is transhumance?

  A type of pastoral nomadism where herders move livestock between seasonal grazing areas