Cardiovascular system

• What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

  To transport blood throughout the body
• What type of blood does the pulmonary artery carry?

  Deoxygenated blood
• What is the role of the vena cava?

  To bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart
• What is the function of the pulmonary vein?

  To carry oxygenated blood to the heart
• What does the coronary artery supply?

  Oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
• How does pressure in the heart compare to pressure in blood vessels?

  Pressure in the heart is high, while pressure in blood vessels is low
• What are the two main types of circulation in the cardiovascular system?

  • Pulmonary Circulation: from the heart to the lungs
  • Systematic Circulation: from the heart to the body
• What is the function of atrioventricular and semi-lunar valves?

  To ensure blood flows in one direction only
• When do atrioventricular valves open?

  When the pressure in the atria increases
• What are the types of tissues found in blood vessels?

  • Muscle tissue
  • Endothelium
  • Elastic tissue
• What is the role of endothelium in blood vessels?

  It reduces friction and allows smooth blood flow
• How do arteries differ from veins?

  Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins carry blood to the heart
• What is the function of the sinoatrial node?

  It acts as a pacemaker for the heart
• What happens when the sinoatrial node sends electrical impulses?

  The atrium walls contract
• What is the role of the atrioventricular node?

  It delays the electrical impulse before it reaches the ventricles
• What do Purkinje fibers do?

  They carry electrical impulses to the heart muscles
• What is the cardiac cycle?

  1. Blood enters the atrium
  2. Blood enters the ventricle
  3. Ventricle contracts
  4. Ventricle relaxes
  5. Cycle repeats
• What is cardiac output?

  The activity within the heart
• What is stroke volume?

  The volume of blood expelled from the ventricle during one heartbeat
• What is heart rate?

  The number of cardiac cycles per minute
• What is the equation for cardiac output?

  $Co =$$SV \times HR$
• What does an electrocardiogram (ECG) measure?

  The electrical impulses of the heart
• What is tachycardia?

  A fast heart rhythm
• What is bradycardia?

  A slow heart rhythm
• What is ventricular fibrillation?

  When the contraction of the ventricles is uncoordinated
• What are blood groups based on?

  • Blood groups are based on antigens
  • Antigens are proteins found on red blood cells
• What is the universal recipient blood group?

  Type O
• What is the universal donor blood group?

  Type AB
• What causes coronary heart disease?

  Blockage of arteries due to atherosclerosis
• What is atheroma?

  A fatty deposit that narrows the lumen of arteries
• What happens if blood vessels are not treated quickly enough during a heart attack?

  Cells will die, leading to a heart attack
• What can happen if plaque builds up in arteries?

  It increases the risk of heart attacks and blood clots
• What is an aneurysm?

  When the artery wall weakens and bulges outwards
• What are the risks of coronary heart disease?

  • Age: increases risk due to gradual deposits
  • Gender: men are more at risk
  • Hypertension: increases likelihood
  • Lifestyle factors: alcohol, high cholesterol diet, genetics, air pollution
• What are the treatments for coronary heart disease?

  • Drug treatment to reduce problems
  • Lifestyle changes to accommodate health needs
  • Possible immunosuppressants for heart transplant
• What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?

  To transport oxygen and nutrients to organs and cells
• What do hemaglobins do in the cardiovascular system?

  They transport oxygen and nutrients to organs and cells
• What are venules?

  Small blood vessels that receive blood from capillaries
• What is the role of coronary arteries?

  To supply blood to the heart muscle
• Where are coronary arteries located?

  On the surface of the heart