skeletal system

• Hand and wrist:

  • Phalanges
  • Metacarpals
  • Carpals
• Foot and ankle:

  • Phalanges
  • Metatarsals
  • Tarsals
• spine:

  • atlas and axis
  • cervical
  • thoracic
  • lumbar
  • sacrum
  • coccyx
• Anterior: the front of the body
• Posterior: the back of the body
• Medial: towards the midline of the body
• Lateral: away from the midline of the body
• proximal:closer to the midline than another part of the body
• Distal: further from the midline compared to another part of the body
• Superior: upper/higher part of the body
• Inferior: lower part of the body
• Arm:

  • Humerus
  • Ulna
  • Radius
• Shoulder:

  • clavicle
  • Scapula
• Head:

  • Atlas and axis
  • Cranium
• Torso:

  • Sternum
  • Ribs
  • vertebrae
  • Pelvis
• Leg:

  • Femur
  • Patella
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
• Types of bones:

  • Short - impact and weight bearing
  • Long - leverage and blood production
  • Flat - protection and muscle attachment
  • Irregular - protection
  • Sesamoid - reduce friction (patella)
• Process of ossification:

  1. Osteoclasts clear out the old bone and make space for new bone
  2. Osteoblasts help to build new bone by laying down minerals such as calcium and collagen
  3. Calcium and collagen help to crystallise the cartilage
  4. When the cartilage crystallises, this makes the bone hard, this process is called ossification
  5. Ossification allows the bones to grow longer by the epiphyseal plate moving upwards
• Ossification: the process of bone growth
• Cartilage: a shock absorber
• Synovial joint:

  1. Bone
  2. Ligament
  3. Bursa
  4. Fibrous capsule
  5. Synovial membrane
  6. Cartilage
  7. Synovial fluid
• joints:

  • pivot joint
  • ball and socket
  • condyloid
  • saddle
  • hinge
  • gliding
• pivot joint: allows rotation of the head
• ball and socket: allows a wide range of movement at the hip and shoulder
• condyloid: allows a range of movement within the wrist and ankle
• gliding: to help impact within your hands and feet and help create small movements.
• saddle: thumb to hold apparatus.
• hinge: allows flexion and extension at the elbow and knee
• hyper extension: opening of a join e.g. bridge in gymnastics
• horizontal flexion and extension: horizontally placed e.g. football throw in.
• supination: rotating hands to face upwards e.g. catching a ball
• pronation: rotating hands to face downwards e.g. holding handle bars.
• circumduction: circular motion e.g. back stroke
• medial and lateral rotation: turning a joint towards and away from the midline of the body e.g. passing a ball.
• Viscous relates to the thickness of something
• Osteoporosis is low bone density and is caused when the body loses too much bone
• Arthritis is the inflammation of a joint resulting in stiffness
• Overuse is when the same movement is done over and over again causing injury to growth plates
• Response:

  • Synovial fluid becomes less viscous
  • Increase uptake of minerals
  • Increase production of synovial fluid
  • Increase production of osteoclasts and osteoblasts
• adaptation:

  • bone mineral density increases
  • strength of ligaments increase
  • reduced risk of osteoporosis