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Cards (41)
What is energy?
Energy is the
capacity
to do work.
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What is thermodynamics?
Thermodynamics is the study of
energy
transformations.
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What does the second law of thermodynamics state?
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the
entropy
of the universe.
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How is entropy defined?
Entropy
is a measure of
disorder
or the number of energy levels in a system.
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What happens during spontaneous processes according to the second law of thermodynamics?
Spontaneous processes increase the
entropy
of the universe.
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What is the effect of non-spontaneous processes on
entropy
?
Non-spontaneous processes
decrease
entropy and require
work
to occur.
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Do living things follow the second law of thermodynamics?
Yes
, living things follow the second law of thermodynamics.
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What is free energy?
Free energy is the energy available to do work in a
system
.
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How can we measure the change in energy during a chemical reaction?
The change in
free energy
(
ΔG
) is the difference between the free energy of the final state and the initial state.
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What occurs at chemical equilibrium?
At chemical equilibrium,
forward
and
reverse
reactions occur at the same rate.
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What do spontaneous processes move towards?
Spontaneous processes move towards
equilibrium
.
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What is metabolism?
Metabolism includes
catabolism
and
anabolism
in biological systems.
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What is a catabolic pathway?
A catabolic pathway releases
free energy
in a series of steps/reactions.
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What happens to the products of each reaction in a catabolic pathway?
The product of each reaction becomes the
reactant
of the next reaction.
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Does a
catabolic
pathway reach equilibrium?
No
, the system in a
catabolic
pathway
never
reaches
equilibrium.
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How are
exergonic
and
endergonic
reactions related?
Exergonic reactions are coupled to
endergonic
reactions.
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What role does ATP play in
coupled
reactions
?
ATP acts as the
coupler
for
reactions.
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What is an exergonic reaction?
A reaction that
releases
energy
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What is activation energy?
The energy required to start a reaction by breaking bonds in the
reactant molecules
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What are factors that can lower activation energy?
Enzymes
and
temperature
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Can factors that lower activation energy work in biological systems?
Yes,
enzymes
can lower activation energy in biological systems
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What is the role of enzymes in chemical reactions?
Enzymes lower the
activation energy
required for reactions
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How do enzymes work?
By providing an
active site
for
substrates
to bind and facilitating reactions
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What is an active site of an enzyme?
The region where
substrates
bind to the enzyme
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What is substrate specificity in enzymes?
Enzymes are specific to certain substrates due to their
active sites
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What is the induced fit model of enzyme action?
The model where the enzyme changes shape to fit the
substrate
upon binding
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What are the steps in the enzyme cycle?
Substrate binds to the
active site
Enzyme-
substrate
complex forms
Reaction occurs, converting substrates to
products
Products are released
Enzyme is free to bind to new substrates
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How does an enzyme lower activation energy?
By orienting
substrates
favorably and applying mechanical stress on
bonds
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What is one way enzymes create a favorable chemical microenvironment?
By providing conditions that favor the
transition state
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How might enzymes assist in transferring protons or electrons?
By accepting or donating them during the
conversion
of substrates to products
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What are cofactors?
Metal ions
that assist
enzymes
in catalyzing reactions
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Give examples of cofactors.
Mg
<sup>2+</sup>,
Fe
<sup>2+</sup>,
Zn
<sup>2+</sup>
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What are coenzymes?
Small organic cofactors that help
enzyme-substrate
complexes form
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What are examples of coenzymes?
Coenzyme A
,
NAD
<sup>+</sup>,
NADP
<sup>+</sup>
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What factors can affect enzyme activity?
Substrate concentration
and
inhibitors
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What are competitive inhibitors?
Inhibitors that bind to the
active site
of an
enzyme
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What are noncompetitive inhibitors?
Inhibitors that bind to an
alternate site
on the
enzyme
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How do noncompetitive inhibitors affect enzyme activity?
They change the shape of the
active site
, preventing substrate binding
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What is feedback regulation in enzyme activity?
The end product of a
pathway
inhibits an earlier enzyme in the pathway
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What is allosteric regulation of enzymes?
Regulation where a molecule binds to a site other than the
active site
Causes
a change in enzyme shape
Can either activate or inhibit enzyme activity
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See all 41 cards
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