Bio Energy

    Cards (41)

    • What is energy?
      Energy is the capacity to do work.
    • What is thermodynamics?
      Thermodynamics is the study of energy transformations.
    • What does the second law of thermodynamics state?
      Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
    • How is entropy defined?
      Entropy is a measure of disorder or the number of energy levels in a system.
    • What happens during spontaneous processes according to the second law of thermodynamics?
      Spontaneous processes increase the entropy of the universe.
    • What is the effect of non-spontaneous processes on entropy?

      Non-spontaneous processes decrease entropy and require work to occur.
    • Do living things follow the second law of thermodynamics?
      Yes, living things follow the second law of thermodynamics.
    • What is free energy?
      Free energy is the energy available to do work in a system.
    • How can we measure the change in energy during a chemical reaction?
      The change in free energy (ΔG) is the difference between the free energy of the final state and the initial state.
    • What occurs at chemical equilibrium?
      At chemical equilibrium, forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate.
    • What do spontaneous processes move towards?
      Spontaneous processes move towards equilibrium.
    • What is metabolism?
      Metabolism includes catabolism and anabolism in biological systems.
    • What is a catabolic pathway?
      A catabolic pathway releases free energy in a series of steps/reactions.
    • What happens to the products of each reaction in a catabolic pathway?
      The product of each reaction becomes the reactant of the next reaction.
    • Does a catabolic pathway reach equilibrium?

      No, the system in a catabolic pathway never reaches equilibrium.
    • How are exergonic and endergonic reactions related?

      Exergonic reactions are coupled to endergonic reactions.
    • What role does ATP play in coupled reactions?

      ATP acts as the coupler for reactions.
    • What is an exergonic reaction?
      A reaction that releases energy
    • What is activation energy?
      The energy required to start a reaction by breaking bonds in the reactant molecules
    • What are factors that can lower activation energy?
      Enzymes and temperature
    • Can factors that lower activation energy work in biological systems?
      Yes, enzymes can lower activation energy in biological systems
    • What is the role of enzymes in chemical reactions?
      Enzymes lower the activation energy required for reactions
    • How do enzymes work?
      By providing an active site for substrates to bind and facilitating reactions
    • What is an active site of an enzyme?
      The region where substrates bind to the enzyme
    • What is substrate specificity in enzymes?
      Enzymes are specific to certain substrates due to their active sites
    • What is the induced fit model of enzyme action?
      The model where the enzyme changes shape to fit the substrate upon binding
    • What are the steps in the enzyme cycle?
      1. Substrate binds to the active site
      2. Enzyme-substrate complex forms
      3. Reaction occurs, converting substrates to products
      4. Products are released
      5. Enzyme is free to bind to new substrates
    • How does an enzyme lower activation energy?
      By orienting substrates favorably and applying mechanical stress on bonds
    • What is one way enzymes create a favorable chemical microenvironment?
      By providing conditions that favor the transition state
    • How might enzymes assist in transferring protons or electrons?
      By accepting or donating them during the conversion of substrates to products
    • What are cofactors?
      Metal ions that assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions
    • Give examples of cofactors.
      Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>
    • What are coenzymes?
      Small organic cofactors that help enzyme-substrate complexes form
    • What are examples of coenzymes?
      Coenzyme A, NAD<sup>+</sup>, NADP<sup>+</sup>
    • What factors can affect enzyme activity?
      Substrate concentration and inhibitors
    • What are competitive inhibitors?
      Inhibitors that bind to the active site of an enzyme
    • What are noncompetitive inhibitors?
      Inhibitors that bind to an alternate site on the enzyme
    • How do noncompetitive inhibitors affect enzyme activity?
      They change the shape of the active site, preventing substrate binding
    • What is feedback regulation in enzyme activity?
      The end product of a pathway inhibits an earlier enzyme in the pathway
    • What is allosteric regulation of enzymes?
      • Regulation where a molecule binds to a site other than the active site
      • Causes a change in enzyme shape
      • Can either activate or inhibit enzyme activity
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