Disturbances in Perception

• Illusion - misinterpretation of EXTERNAL stimulus, exists
• Hallucination - misinterpretation of SENSORY stimulus, does not exist
• Hallucinations

  Visual are common in marijuana use
• Hallucinations

  Tactile or formication are common in alcohol withdrawal
• Hallucinations

  Olfactory or phantosmia are common in PTSD since smell is close to emotions
• Hallucinations

  Gustatory or spontaneous dysgeusia are common in epilepsy which manifests as rusty or metallic taste
• Hallucinations

  Auditory are common in paranoid schizophrenia
• Command auditory is the most dangerous kind of hallucinations
• The first intervention to hallucination is to recognize e.g. "are you hearing things again?"
• Present reality to patient hallucinating and never let them describe them
• As an exception, the intervention for dementia hallucination is to simply ignore
• Usual reality-based activities for hallucinating patients is gardening as well as crafts, painting, waking