C10 - Motivation and Emotion

• What is motivation?


  The factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.
• What are the three aspects of motivation?

  Biological, cognitive, and social aspects.
• What are instincts in the context of motivation?

  Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned.
• What do instinct approaches to motivation suggest?

  People and animals are born preprogrammed with sets of behaviors essential to their survival.
• What do drive-reduction approaches to motivation propose?

  A lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to satisfy that need.
• What is a drive in the context of motivation?

  Motivational tension or arousal that energizes behavior to fulfill a need.
• What are primary drives?

  Drives related to biological needs of the body or species as a whole.
• What are secondary drives?

  Drives that arise from prior experience and learning.
• What is homeostasis?

  The body’s tendency to maintain a steady internal state.
• What do arousal approaches to motivation suggest?

  People try to maintain a steady level of stimulation and activity.
• What happens when stimulation and activity levels become too high?

  People try to reduce them.
• What happens when stimulation and activity levels are too low?

  People will try to increase them by seeking stimulation.
• What is an incentive in motivational terms?

  A reward that motivates behavior.
• What do incentive approaches to motivation suggest?

  Motivation stems from the desire to attain external rewards.
• What do cognitive approaches to motivation emphasize?

  Motivation is the outcome of people’s thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and goals.
• What is intrinsic motivation?

  Participation in an activity for enjoyment rather than for a concrete reward.
• What is extrinsic motivation?

  Doing something for money, a grade, or some other concrete reward.
• What does Maslow’s model suggest about motivational needs?

  Needs are placed in a hierarchy, and certain primary needs must be satisfied before higher-order needs.
• What is self-actualization?

  A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential.
• What is self-determination theory?

  People have three basic needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness.
• What are the different approaches to motivation?

  1. Instinct: Preprogrammed behaviors essential for survival.
  2. Drive reduction: Drives produced when basic biological requirements are lacking.
  3. Arousal: Seeking optimal levels of stimulation.
  4. Incentive: External rewards direct behavior.
  5. Cognitive: Thoughts and beliefs direct motivation.
  6. Hierarchy of needs: Lower-order needs must be fulfilled before higher-order needs.
• What is obesity defined as?

  Body weight that is more than 20% above the average weight for a person of a particular height.
• What does BMI stand for?

  Body mass index.
• What regulates the quantity and kind of food organisms desire?

  Internal mechanisms.
• What complex biological mechanism tells organisms when to eat or stop eating?

  Mechanisms that regulate hunger.
• What role does glucose play in hunger regulation?

  It regulates the feeling of hunger.
• What is the function of insulin in the body?

  It leads the body to store excess sugar in the blood as fats and carbohydrates.
• What does ghrelin communicate to the brain?

  Feelings of hunger.
• What part of the brain monitors glucose levels?

  The hypothalamus.
• What is the weight set point?


  The particular level of weight that the body strives to maintain.
• What is metabolism?


  The rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body.
• What does leptin do in the body?


  It protects the body against weight loss.
• What does the weight set point hypothesis state?


  Too many fat cells from earlier weight gain may result in the set point becoming stuck at a higher level than desirable.
• What is the settling point determined by?

  A combination of genetic heritage and the nature of the environment.
• What is anorexia nervosa?

  A disorder where people refuse to eat while denying their unusual behavior and appearance.
• What is bulimia?

  A disorder in which people binge on large quantities of food followed by purging.
• What is the need for achievement?

  A stable, learned characteristic where a person obtains satisfaction by achieving challenging goals.
• What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

  A measuring instrument used to assess a person’s need for achievement.
• What is the need for affiliation?

  An interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with others.
• What is the need for power?

  A tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others.