Superficial Face

• What are the main bones visible in the anterior view of the skull?

  • Frontal bone
  • Parietal bone
  • Sphenoid bone
  • Temporal bone
  • Zygomatic bone
  • Maxilla
  • Vomer
  • Mandible
• Which processes are associated with the temporal bone in the skull?

  The mastoid process and the styloid process.
• What are the components of the calvaria in the skull?

  • Temporal bones (paired)
  • Parietal bones (paired)
  • Frontal bone
  • Sphenoid bone
  • Occipital bone
• What bones make up the floor of the cranial cavity?

  Sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones.
• What bones are included in the facial skeleton?

  • Nasal bones
  • Palatine bones
  • Lacrimal bones
  • Zygomatic bones
  • Maxillae
  • Nasal conchae
  • Vomer (unpaired)
  • Mandible
• What is the pterion and which bones does it involve?

  The pterion is the junction of the parietal, squamous temporal, frontal, and zygomatic bones.
• What is the asterion and which bones does it involve?

  The asterion is the junction of the parietal, occipital, and mastoid temporal bones.
• What are the main sutures visible in the superior view of the skull?

  • Coronal suture
  • Sagittal suture
  • Lambdoidal suture
• What structures are identified in the posterior view of the skull?

  • Sagittal suture
  • Lambdoidal suture
  • Lambda (where both sutures meet)
• What are the three cranial fossae and their associated bones?

  • Anterior: Frontal, ethmoid, part of sphenoid bone (Frontal lobe)
  • Middle: Part of parietal, temporal, sphenoid bone (Parietal lobe)
  • Posterior: Occipital, part of sphenoid and parietal bone (Cerebellum)
• What foramina are found in the anterior cranial fossa?

  • Cribiform plate
  • Foramen cecum
  • Anterior ethmoidal foramen
  • Posterior ethmoidal foramen
• What are the contents of the foramina in the middle cranial fossa?

  • Superior orbital fissure
  • Optic canal
  • Foramen rotundum
  • Foramen ovale
  • Foramen spinosum
  • Foramen lacerum
  • Carotid canal
• What are the contents of the foramina in the posterior cranial fossa?

  • Internal acoustic meatus
  • Jugular foramen
  • Hypoglossal canal
  • Foramen magnum
• What is the significance of the cribiform plate in the anterior fossa?

  It contains the olfactory bulb and olfactory nerves.
• What is the function of the foramen cecum in adults?

  It is usually sealed and allows the passage of a vein from the nasal cavity to the superior sagittal sinus.
• What does the anterior ethmoidal foramen transmit?

  It transmits the anterior ethmoidal artery, vein, and nerve.
• What does the posterior ethmoidal foramen transmit?

  It transmits the posterior ethmoidal artery, vein, and nerve.
• What are the contents of the superior orbital fissure in the middle fossa?

  • Oculomotor nerve
  • Abducens nerve
  • Trochlear nerve
  • Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
  • Veins
• What does the optic canal transmit?

  • Optic nerve
  • Ophthalmic artery
• What does the foramen rotundum transmit?

  • Maxillary nerve (V2)
• What does the foramen ovale transmit?

  • Mandibular nerve (V3)
  • Lesser petrosal nerve
• What does the foramen spinosum transmit?

  • Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve (V3)
  • Middle meningeal artery
• What does the carotid canal transmit?

  It transmits the internal carotid artery.
• What does the internal acoustic meatus transmit?

  • Facial nerve
  • Vestibulocochlear nerve
  • Labyrinthine arteries
• What does the jugular foramen transmit?

  • Internal jugular vein
  • Glossopharyngeal nerve
  • Vagus nerve
  • Spinal accessory nerve
• What does the hypoglossal canal transmit?

  • Hypoglossal nerve
• What does the foramen magnum transmit?

  • Inferior end of medulla oblongata
  • Spinal accessory nerves
  • Vertebral arteries
• What are the external cranial foramina associated with the skull?

  Anterior formamina -> nasal cavity

  Superior orbital fissure -> orbit

  Optic canal -> orbit

  Internal acoustic meatus -> external
• What are the groups of muscles of facial expression?

  • Orbital
  • Nasal
  • Oral
  • Other
• What is the classification of the facial nerve (CN VII)?

  • Mixed nerve
• What are the functions of the facial nerve?

  • Motor: muscles of facial expression
  • General sensory: skin over the ear
  • Special sensory: taste
  • Parasympathetic: salivary and lacrimal glands
• What is the impact of an upper motor neuron lesion on the facial nerve?

  It affects the facial nerve's ability to control facial muscles.
• What is the impact of a lower motor neuron lesion on the facial nerve?

  It results in weakness or paralysis of the facial muscles.
• What is the blood supply to the superficial face?

  • One of the main divisions of the common carotid artery
  • Arises at the level of the thyroid cartilage
  • Ascends the neck within the carotid sheath
  • Eight branches (the last two are terminating divisions)
• What is the clinical relevance of the pterion?

  Weakness spot

  Middle menigeal artery lies beneath the pterion -> epidural haematoma
• Label this

  A) Orbital

  B) Palpebral

  C) Orbicularis oculi

  D) Corrugator supercilli

  
• Label this

  A) Depressor septi nasi

  B) Procerus

  C) Nasalis

  D) Transverse

  E) Alar

  
• What are the muscles of facial expression in the orbital group? What do they do?

  Corrugator supercilii -> draws eyebrows together & wrinkles nose

  Orbicularis oculi -> close eyes
• What are the muscles of facial expression in the nasal group? What do they do?


  Nasalis -> flares nares (nostrils)

  Procerus -> wrinkles bridge of the nose

  Depressor septi nasi -> flares the nares
• What are the muscles of facial expression in the superior orbital group? What do they do?


  Risorius -> pulls corner of mouth lateral & up

  Zygomaticus major & minor -> raise corner of mouth & moves it laterally

  Levator labii superioris -> deepens furrow between nose & corner of mouth

  Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi -> assits in flaring nares

  Levator anguli oris -> elevates corner of mouth & deepens furrow between nose & corner of motuh during sadness

  = help to smile