GSELF MIDTERMS

• According to William James, what are the two components of the self?

  The me-self and the I-self
• What does the me-self represent in William James's theory?

  The empirical self, which is the object of thought
• What are the three dimensions of the me-self according to William James?

  1. Material Self - pertains to the things you own
  2. Social Self - significant interpersonal relations
  3. Spiritual Self - one’s personality, character, and defining values
• What is the I-self according to William James?

  The "pure ego" that provides continuity between past, present, and future selves
• What is self-awareness as described in the I-self?

  The act of thinking about ourselves
• What are the three dimensions of the I-self according to William James?

  1. Individual Self - personal identity based on unique traits
  2. Relational Self - how connections with others shape our sense of self
  3. Collective Self - identity in relation to larger social groups
• What does Karen Horney believe is essential for healthy development?

  Childhood experiences that provide feelings of safety and security
• What happens when parents fail to provide safety and security according to Horney?

  The child develops basic hostility and anxiety
• What is the Idealized Self according to Horney?

  An overly positive image of the self developed from feelings of inferiority
• What are the characteristics of the Idealized Self?

  1. Belief that they are better than others
  2. The world owes them
  3. They should be perfect
• What is the Actualized Self?

  The person one is in everyday life, regardless of others' perceptions
• What is the Despised Self?

  A negative view of the self based on feelings of inferiority and lack of acceptance
• What is the Real Self according to Horney?

  The inner core of personality that reveals one's true potential
• What are the two types of tendencies according to Carl Rogers?

  Formative and Actualizing tendencies
• What is the difference between the Real Self and Ideal Self according to Carl Rogers?

  • Real Self: Aspects of being perceived in awareness
  • Ideal Self: Who you want to become in the future
• What is required for the Ideal Self and Real Self to overlap?

  Congruence, empathy, and unconditional positive regard
• What are the core features of human agency according to Albert Bandura?

  1. Intentionality
  2. Forethought
  3. Self-reactiveness
  4. Self-reflectiveness
• What is self-efficacy?

  Feelings of adequacy, efficiency, and competence in coping with life
• What distinguishes high efficacy from low efficacy?

  • High Efficacy: Belief in one's ability to achieve goals
  • Low Efficacy: Doubt in one's abilities leading to avoidance of challenges
• What are the sources of self-efficacy?

  1. Performance Attainment
  2. Vicarious Experience
  3. Verbal Persuasions
  4. Physiological and Emotional Arousal
• What is body image?

  An individual’s mental representation of their own body
• What are the two types of body image?

  1. Internal/Personal: Perception of attractiveness
  2. External/Social: Sense of how others view our bodies
• What is body image dissatisfaction?

  Not liking the way you look
• What is external beauty?

  Physical characteristics of a person
• What does Gill Rhodes's study suggest about facial beauty?

  Averageness is correlated with facial attractiveness
• What is aesthetic capital?

  Privileges and wealth received from aesthetic traits
• How does culture influence our perception of beauty?


  Cultures attempt to change bodies to meet beauty standards
• What are the differences between body adornment and body modification?

  • Body Adornment: Temporary enhancements (e.g., styling)
  • Body Modification: Permanent alterations (e.g., surgery, tattoos)
• What is body shaming?

  A culturally conditioned response to a fantasy of physical perfection
• What is self-esteem?

  A person’s overall sense of self-worth or personal value
• How can people develop a positive body image?

  • Understand healthy bodies come in many shapes and sizes
  • Recognize physical appearance says little about character
  • Practice self-acceptance
• What does the term 'sex' refer to?

  Biological characteristics based on anatomy and reproductive functions
• What does 'gender' refer to?

  Roles, behaviors, and attributes considered appropriate for males and females
• What is biological sex?

  The anatomy you’re born with
• What is gender identity?

  How a person feels internally about their gender
• What is gender expression?

  How individuals present their gender to the world
• What does cisgender mean?

  A person whose gender identity aligns with the sex assigned at birth
• What does transgender mean?

  A person whose gender identity does not align with the sex assigned at birth
• What does genderqueer mean?

  A person whose gender identity exists outside of the traditional male/female binary
• What does gender non-conforming mean?

  A person whose gender expression does not align with traditional expectations