W2 - Sources, Categories of Information

• Primary Sources


  The firsthand information or record of a certain event.
• Examples of primary sources


  Artifacts, Official reports, Interviews, Autobiographies, Court records, Drawings, Diaries, E-mails, Speeches, Letters, Photographs
• Secondary sources


  Source of information that gives details about the primary source
• Examples of secondary sources


  Biographies, Reports, Newspapers, Critical studies of an author’s works, Textbooks, Dictionaries, Journal articles, Handbooks, Magazines
• What does a literature review summarizes and surveys? 


  A summary of studies related to a particular area of research. The literature review surveys scholarly articles, books, and other sources relevant to a particular area of research.
• What should a literature review have?

  The review should enumerate, describe, summarize, objectively evaluate and clarify this previous research.
• What does conducting a literature review assume?

  It is assumed that by mentioning a previous work in the field of study, that the author has read, evaluated, and assimilated that work into the work at hand.
• What are the information that can be collected by a literature review?

  1.Background knowledge about the problem and associated ideas,

  2. Theories that give details of the presence of the problem and certain variables that is connected to the problem.

  3. Data that prove the occurrence and gravity of the problem

  4. Detailed and broad results of related studies.

  5. Gaps and recommendations for additional study specified in related studies
• Steps in conducting an effective literature review

  (1) Search for literature, (2) Reading and Citing Source of Material, (3) Creating or synthesizing your review of related literature
• Step 1 - Search for Literature 


  There are many sources of information available such as the Internet, books, peer-reviewed articles in journals, publications, unpublished works, and other library materials offline and online.
• Step 2 - Reading and Citing Source of Material


  In reviewing related literature, you come up with ideas borrowed from someone else; therefore, it is but polite, honesty, and courtesy to learn to acknowledge other people's intellectual rights and to avoid plagiarism
• Acknowledgment


  It identifies individuals who have contributed to the making of the manuscript, written at the start of the paper.
• References or Bibliography


  A whole list of literary materials including all books, journal, theses, and dissertations along with other sources mentioned above. They are arranged alphabetically in some papers or in order of sequence as it comes out in the paper. This holds the summary of the information of all of your sources.
• Step 3 - Creating or synthesizing your review of related literature


  Developing your review of related literature by gathering ideas from other researches can be done by some patterns or techniques like paraphrasing, quoting and summarizing it.
• Quoting


  A part of an author's words are repeated in writing but the page number of copied text should be written.
• Summarizing 


  A shortened version of the original text expressed in your own language, picking only the most important details of the text.
• Paraphrasing 


  permits you to explain the idea in your own words.
• Scientific Misconduct


  Plagiarism, fabrication of data, falsification of data, non-publication of data
• Plagiarism


  A fraudulent act that entail claiming another person's ideas, work or publication violating intellectual property rights by stealing and dishonesty
• Fabrication of data


  Involves producing new data without an actual experimentation or altering data in recording with the intent to fit them to desired results.
• Falsification of data


  Manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record.
• Non-publication of data 


  Involves choosing not to include data because they do not conform to the well-established body of knowledge or are unsupportive of the research hypothesis. Only the results that do not reject the hypothesis are reported and published
• General steps of a literature review

  1.Choose your topic

  2. Identify databases and resources

  3. Search and choose relevant literature

  4. Read and analyze literature

  5. Write the review