PBIO

• What is biochemistry concerned with?

  The chemical basis of life
• What does biochemistry study in relation to living organisms?

  Compounds and processes associated with living organisms
• What does the term "BIOS" refer to in biochemistry?

  Life
• What happens when biochemical events occur in proper order?

  The cell or body remains normal
• What can happen if there is a blockade in biochemical events?

  It can manifest as disorders or diseases
• What are biomolecules considered to be?

  Organic compounds essential for survival
• What is the basic unit of life?

  The cell
• What does a cell consist of?

  Protoplasm enclosed within a membrane
• What percentage of a cell is made up of water?

  70-75%
• What are the main organic molecules found in cells?

  Nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
• What is the function of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

  It gives fluidity and consistency to the cell
• What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?

  A model that describes the flexible structure of the cell membrane
• What is the main component of the cell membrane?

  Phospholipid
• What role do glycoproteins play in the cell membrane?

  They are important for cell-cell interactions
• What is the function of glycolipids in the cell membrane?

  They maintain stability and facilitate cellular recognition
• What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?

  It is the control center of the cell
• What is the composition of the nucleus?

  It contains nucleolus, chromosomes, and nuclear membrane
• What are sex chromosomes in humans?

  Female (XX) and Male (XY)
• What is trisomy 21 also known as?

  Down Syndrome
• What causes trisomy 21?

  An error in cell division leading to three copies of chromosome 21
• What is the function of lysosomes?

  They digest molecules brought into the cell
• What is the role of mitochondria in the cell?

  They are known as the powerhouse of the cell
• What are peroxisomes also known as?

  Microbodies
• What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

  It is involved in secretion and glycosylation of proteins
• What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

  Monosaccharides
• What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

  To provide and store energy
• What are the building blocks of lipids?

  Fatty acids
• What is the function of lipids in the body?

  They are components of membranes and serve as energy sources
• What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

  Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds, while unsaturated have one or more
• What are the main components of the cell membrane?

  • Phospholipid bilayer
  • Glycoproteins
  • Glycolipids
  • Cholesterol
  • Arachidonic Acid
• What are the functions of the cell membrane?

  • Controls entry and exit of substances
  • Provides structure and support
  • Facilitates cell signaling and recognition
• What are the types of organelles and their functions?

  • Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell
  • Lysosomes: Digestive enzymes
  • Peroxisomes: H2O2 metabolism
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum: Protein and lipid synthesis
  • Golgi apparatus: Secretion and modification of proteins
• What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  • Prokaryotic: No true nucleus, smaller, simpler
  • Eukaryotic: True nucleus, larger, complex organelles
• What are the types of biomolecules and their functions?

  • Carbohydrates: Energy source and storage
  • Lipids: Membrane components and energy storage
  • Proteins: Structural and functional roles
  • Nucleic acids: Genetic information storage
• What are the types of fatty acids?

  • Saturated: No double bonds
  • Unsaturated: One or more double bonds
• What are the types of cell death?

  • Necrosis: Cell murder due to lack of oxygen
  • Atrophy: Decrease in cell size due to lack of factors
  • Apoptosis: Programmed cell death
• What are the types of Zellweger Spectrum Disorder?

  1. Zellweger’s Syndrome: Most severe
  2. Neonatal Adrenoleukodystrophy: Medium severity
  3. Infantile Refsum Disease: Least severe
• What are the differences between animal and plant cells?

  • Animal cells: Round shape, no cell wall, no plastids
  • Plant cells: Rectangular shape, cell wall present, plastids present
• What is the role of ribosomes in the cell?

  • Responsible for protein synthesis
  • Translate mRNA into polypeptide chains
• Why are monosaccharides considered the simplest form of sugar?

  They cannot be hydrolyzed to simpler sugars