topic 7 pt 1

• What are the two functional divisions of the respiratory system?

  Conducting zone and respiratory zone
• What structures are included in the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Terminal bronchioles
• What structures are included in the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?

  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveoli
• What is the primary function of the nose in the respiratory system?

  It moistens, warms, filters, and cleans inspired air
• What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?

  Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
• What is the role of the pharynx in the respiratory system?

  It connects the nasal cavity to the larynx
• What are the three parts of the pharynx?

  Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
• What is the primary function of the larynx?

  It is the primary site of voice production and keeps airways open
• What type of epithelium lines the larynx?

  Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
• What is the structure of the trachea?

  It is made of C-shaped cartilage rings and lined with Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
• What is the function of bronchi and bronchioles?

  They supply air to the lungs, lobes, bronchopulmonary segments, and lobules
• What is the primary function of alveoli?

  They are the site of gas exchange
• What type of epithelium primarily makes up the respiratory membrane in alveoli?

  Simple Squamous Epithelium
• What are the lungs primarily composed of?

  Soft spongy organs containing elastic and connective tissue
• What are the two types of pleurae associated with the lungs?

  Visceral pleura and parietal pleura
• What is the function of pleurae in the respiratory system?

  • Hold lungs to thoracic cage
  • Enable changes in thorax volume to reflect lung volume changes
• What does Boyle's Law state about pressure and volume?

  Pressure and volume are inversely proportional when temperature is constant

  
• What does Henry's Law explain?

  The quantity of a gas dissolving in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure
• What does Charles' Law state?

  Volume is directly proportional to temperature when pressure is constant
• What does Dalton's Law state about gases in a mixture?

  Each gas exerts its own pressure as if all other gases were not present
• What are the steps involved in inhalation?

  1. Muscles of inspiration contract to increase thorax size
  2. Intrapleural pressure decreases
  3. Air flows into lungs due to pressure gradient

  
• What are the steps involved in exhalation?

  1. Muscles of inspiration relax during quiet expiration
  2. Muscles of forced expiration contract during forced expiration
  3. Intrapleural pressure increases
  4. Air flows out of lungs due to pressure gradient

  
• What lines the interior of the thoracic cavity?

  Parietal pleura
• What lines the exterior of the lungs?

  Visceral pleura
• What is the pleural cavity and its function?

  It is the space between pleurae containing pleural fluid that lubricates and provides a frictionless environment
• How does the diaphragm contribute to inhalation?

  It contracts and increases the size of the thorax, lowering intrapulmonary pressure

  
• What is the tidal volume during inhalation?

  0.5 litres
• What causes passive expiration?

  It is caused by elastic recoil and surface tension forces in alveoli

  
• What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level?

  760 mmHg
• What happens to alveolar pressure during inhalation?

  Alveolar pressure decreases, causing air to rush in

  
• What happens to alveolar pressure during exhalation?

  Alveolar pressure increases, causing air to rush out

  
• What are the muscles involved in inspiration?

  • Diaphragm
  • External intercostal muscles
  • Accessory muscles: sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor

  
• What are the muscles involved in forced expiration?

  • Abdominal muscles
  • Internal intercostals

  
• What is the summary of muscles of respiration?

  • Muscles of inspiration: diaphragm and external intercostals
  • Muscles of expiration: abdominal muscles and internal intercostals