Regeneration

• How can economic sector affect quality of life?

  • Long hours in manual labour jobs- increased risk of accidents, respiratory problems. People who work in knowledge economy often have more money to spend on luxuries and higher life expectancy.
• How can economic factors affect education?

  • Children perform worse in schools in deprived deindustrialised areas - unable to attend university to have a chance to improve their living situation- trapped in generational poverty (e.g. 1 in 4 people in Leicester have no GCSEs)
• How is the North and South so divided?

  • Most deprived deindustrialised areas are in the North
  • 58% of jobs in London are in 3 highest income categories
  • Yorkshire- knowledge economy is weaker (41%) so lower incomes
  • Happiness and affordability is higher in North than South
  • Workers in London and South East have high incomes but high living costs
• How have places changed their functions over time?

  • Rural areas becoming commuter towns due to their proximity to large cities and improvements in transport. (St Albans is 30 minutes away from London).
  • Developments on historical buildings- Investment in derelict areas where land is cheaper e.g. London Docklands Agency
  • Government policy- 1990s policy of increasing university student numbers leads to studentification
  • Globalisation- global manufacturing shift to Asia has caused deindustrialisation in UK, migration has changed the cultural character of some cities and towns
  • Local planning- Having local plans and stakeholder meeting e.g. Gram pound 2002 where parish council called an open meeting inviting residents to hear about scheme to solve problems in the area
• How can economic growth affect perception of the area?

  • San Francisco(urban)- World's leader for start-up businesses and new technology. Successful due to economic diversification into IT in 70s/80s. Good image- high inward migration but also living costs
  • Sun Belt (rural)- Green revolution in 1950s introduced new farming technologies. New industries (aerospace, defence, military, oil) moved from North. Federal spending in research parks attracted scientists from across the US. Good image- retiree migration, Few labour unions attracted companies.
• How can economic decline affect perception of an area?

  • Detroit (urban)- deindustrialisation and shift of manufacturing industry to Asia. Caused high deprivation- 2/3 of residents cannot afford basic needs like food and fuel. Bad image- population has declined by 60% since 1960s. Average house price $40,000
  • Beattyville (rural)- Average income is $15,000 compared US average $53,000. Live in trailer homes. High levels of crime and deprivation (especially drug crime) Bad image- no investment.
• What are factors that affect election turnout?

  • Language barriers stop immigrants from voting.
  • Age, stage of life
  • Rural areas have higher turnout than urban areas
  • Lack of trust in all politicians.
  • Feeling of helplessness especially amongst disadvantaged people.
  • Lack of community/ belonging
  • Rationality- The paradox of voting says that people are very unlikely to be able to change an election outcome

  Yorkshire- 50%

  Central Devon -80%

  Turn out is lowest in deprived inner cities and highest in wealthy suburbs + commuter belt rural areas
• What are the factors that affect attachment to an area?

  • Memories -People can feel attached to a place even though they no longer live there, a 'homeland' or an ideology.
  • Length of residence
  • Stage of life
  • Ethnicity and shared culture
• Describe the rebranding project in Glasgow.

  Previously deindustrialised.

  New international service centre

  Focusing on culture - Burrell collection, Kellingrove museum
• What are the advantages and drawbacks of rebranding in Glasgow

  Positives

  • Upgrading spaces, buildings and neighbourhoods
  • Boosts local pride- more engagement in community
  • Strengthen tourist economy
  • Attracts investment, qualified graduates and workers

  Negatives

  • Can become repetitive and competitive with other cities (no unique selling point)
  • Does not solve socio-economic issues e.g. Glasgow has a life expectancy 13 years below UK average.
  •  Investments should be spent on housing/education
  • Risk of over-investment- less value comes out of it
• Describe titanic quarter project (Belfast)

  • Previously deindustrialised- from shipbuilding
  • Lack of investment- IRA troubles era repels investors even decades after- Belfast- bad image

  Using its history with building the Titanic for tourism industry

  • Generated £319 million into economy in first 7 years
  • Has attracted new companies e.g. Audit, Premier Inn providing hope for people studying at city colleges nearby
• What were the rebranding strategies in Cornwall (rural)?

  • Farm diversification- sell Cornish farm produce
  • Sport- led regeneration- Rock climbing academy (Newquay)
  • Watergate bay- popular destination for water sports enthusiasts and tourists.
  • Superfast Broadband- World's largest rural fibre network funded by SWRDA.
  • Renewable energy- Wave power device installed off Cornwall's coast- funded by EU and UK government
  • Working with universities in Cornwall- Uni of Exeter/Falmouth helped graduates set up their own businesses or secure jobs in knowledge-based companies in Cornwall. Studentification.
  • Eden Project-  Successes: Raised £2 billion for local economy - indirectly helped other businesses.
• How did regeneration cause conflicts in London?

  London riots causes

  • Cuts to public services, welfare benefits
  • High youth unemployment especially in deprived areas
  • Cuts to social services (affected poorer communities )- services such as youth centres, educational programs and police
  • Housing issues- Lack of affordable housing, overcrowded living conditions
  • Economic inequality- Bankers receive high bonuses and government bailouts after 2008 financial crisis.
• Name 2 government-led urban regeneration projects

  • HS2
  • Olympic Park
  • LDDC