Migration

• What is the definition of migration?

  The movement of people from one place to another.
• What does immigration refer to?

  Movement into one area or country.
• What is emigration?

  Movement out of an area or country.
• How is net migration defined?

  It is the difference between the numbers immigrating and the numbers emigrating.
• How does migration affect the population?

  It affects the size and age structure of a population.
• What is internal migration?

  Movement of populations within a country.
• What historical event in the 19th Century influenced migration in England?

  The industrial revolution led to movement from the agricultural south to the industrialised north.
• What was a consequence of the decline of industries in the north during the 20th century?

  Movement to the more affluent midlands and south for job opportunities.
• What is suburbanisation?

  Growth of large residential areas surrounding major cities.
• What recent trend has been observed regarding migration back into cities?

  People are moving back into inner city areas, including warehouse conversions.
• What is globalisation?

  The process by which barriers between countries are disappearing and people become interconnected across national boundaries.
• What factors have contributed to globalisation?

  Growth of communication systems, global media, global markets, fall of communism, and expansion of the EU.
• How has globalisation affected migration patterns?

  It has resulted in changing migration patterns, including acceleration.
• What was the percentage increase in international migration between 2000-2013?

  33% increase.
• What does differentiation in migration refer to?

  There are many types of migrants, including permanent settlers, temporary workers, and refugees.
• What is super-diversity in the context of migration?

  Since the 1990s, migrants come from a much wider range of countries, leading to diverse ethnic groups.
• What are the three classes of migrants identified by Cohen (2006)?

  Citizens, denizens, and helots.
• What characterizes 'helots' in migration?

  Exploitable migrants who act as a reserve army of labour.
• How has the gender composition of migrants changed over time?

  Women now make up 50% of migrants, whereas in the past most were men.
• What roles do women migrants often take in the workforce?

  They often act as carers, domestic workers, or sex workers.
• What has contributed to the feminisation of migration?

  Demand from the expansion of service sector jobs and dual earner households requiring domestic help.
• What is a consequence of the state's failure to provide adequate childcare?

  Increased demand for migrant domestic workers.
• What are hybrid identities in the context of migration?

  Migrants form identities made from their country of origin and new country of residence.
• What are transnational identities?

  Fluid movements of people rather than permanent settlements, leading to multiple cultural affiliations.
• How has modern technology influenced migrant identities?

  It aids in sustaining global ties without travel.
• What has been the trend regarding state control over migration flows?

  There has been increased state control over migration flows.
• What are some restrictions placed on citizen rights due to migration policies?

  Restrictions on welfare benefits and citizen rights.
• What is an example of assimilation policy in France?

  Veiling of the face in public was made illegal.
• Why do assimilation policies struggle with migrants who have transnational identities?

  These policies do not easily work with migrants who have hybrid identities.
• How can minorities respond to assimilation policies?

  By emphasizing their differences, potentially leading to fundamentalism.
• What social issues can arise from racial intolerance towards migrants?

  Racism and racial attacks can occur, with migrants being blamed for social problems.
• What are multicultural policies aimed at?

  Recognizing and celebrating different cultures within a society.
• What criticism do multicultural policies face?

  They are criticized for being shallow and not addressing deeper problems like racism.
• What was the trend in immigration numbers from 1900 to the 1980s?

  Numbers immigrating were lower than numbers emigrating.
• Which immigrant group was the largest from 1900 to 1945?

  The Irish, followed by Jews.
• Which immigrant group arrived in the 1950s?

  Black Caribbean immigrants.
• Which immigrant group arrived in the 1960s and 1970s?

  South Asian immigrants (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh).
• What are push factors in migration?

  Conditions that drive people to leave their home country, such as unemployment and poverty.
• What are pull factors in migration?

  Conditions that attract people to a new country, such as better job opportunities and freedom.
• What is an example of a push factor related to conflict?

  People wanting to escape war and political persecution.