PHYSIO LEC

    Cards (153)

    • What is physiology concerned with?
      Normal functions of living organisms and their parts
    • How does the study of physiology help us?
      It helps us understand the meaning of life, treat diseases, and cope with stress
    • What is the basic unit of life?
      • The cell
    • How do cells function in relation to the organs they belong to?
      Each cell functions according to the role of the organ where it belongs
    • What nutrients can cells utilize for metabolism?
      Oxygen, Amino Acids, Glucose, and Fatty Acids
    • What waste products can cells remove from metabolism?
      Carbon Dioxide, Uric Acid, and Creatine
    • What systems provide nutrients to cells?
      1. Musculo-skeletal system
      2. Digestive system
      3. Liver
      4. Circulatory system
      5. Respiratory system
    • How does the digestive system aid in nutrient absorption?
      By breaking down complex substances into simpler forms
    • What is the process of breaking down starch into glucose called?
      Digestion
    • What does the liver do in relation to nutrients?
      Converts non-usable substances into usable ones
    • What role does the circulatory system play for cells?
      It helps in the distribution of substances to different cells
    • How does the respiratory system contribute to cellular function?
      By taking in oxygen
    • What systems remove waste products from metabolism?
      1. Respiratory system
      2. Urinary system
    • What is metabolism?
      The sum of all chemical processes occurring inside the cell
    • What does irritability and excitability refer to in cells?
      The ability to respond to a stimulus and transmit signals
    • Which cells are known for their ability to reproduce?
      Neurons and Cardiac Muscle Cells
    • What is chemotaxis?
      The movement toward or away from a chemical source
    • What are the two types of endocytosis?
      Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis
    • What is pinocytosis?
      Engulfment of smaller particles (cell drinking)
    • What is phagocytosis?
      Engulfment of larger particles (cell eating)
    • Which cells are examples of phagocytic cells?
      Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes, and Macrophages
    • What nutrients can the body take in?
      • Carbohydrates (CHO)
      • Proteins (CHON)
      • Fats
    • What is the composition of a typical cell?
      A cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus
    • What is the cell membrane also called?
      Plasma membrane
    • What is the structure of the cell membrane composed of?
      Proteins and lipids
    • What is the function of the lipid bilayer in the cell membrane?
      It serves as a barrier to impede movement of water and water-soluble substances
    • What is cytoplasm?
      The clear fluid part of the cell containing organelles
    • What are organelles?
      Highly organized structures suspended in the cytoplasm
    • What are the functions of mitochondria?
      • Known as the powerhouse of the cell
      • Generates energy (ATP) through cellular metabolism
    • What are the functions of lysosomes?
      • Digestion of complex substances
      • Contain hydrolytic enzymes
      • Known as "suicide bags" for destroying foreign bodies
    • What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
      1. Granular ER (Rough ER) - has ribosomes, synthesizes proteins
      2. Agranular ER (Smooth ER) - no ribosomes, synthesizes lipids
    • What are peroxisomes?
      • Vesicles originating from smooth ER
      • Contain oxidases that form hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
    • What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
      • Works with ER to form secretory vesicles
      • Composed of stacked layers of vesicles
    • What is the nucleus known as?
      The control center of the cell
    • What does the nucleus contain that is crucial for protein synthesis?
      Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
    • What is the role of genes in the nucleus?
      They determine the characteristics of proteins formed during synthesis
    • What is the nucleolus responsible for?
      Ribosome formation
    • What are the five protoplasmic contents of a cell?
      1. Water
      2. Ions
      3. Proteins
      4. Carbohydrates
      5. Lipids
    • What is the main fluid medium of the cell?
      Water
    • What ions are most abundant in the intracellular fluid?
      Potassium, Magnesium, and Phosphate ions
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