PHYSIO LAB

• Why should dogs be wearing a secure collar when being transported?

  To ensure they are safely restrained and cannot escape
• What should you do if you need to lift an injured dog?


  Assess the situation and secure the forelimbs and hind limbs to prevent them from jumping or falling off.
• How should small and medium sized dogs be lifted?


  Small: Use your left arm over the dog's back and lift from under the chest.

  Medium: Pick it up with one hand under its neck and the other scooped under its rump
• What is the correct procedure for applying a muzzle to a dog?

  Make a loop in the material and secure it over the dog's snout. Tie another knot under the chin and bring the ends behind the ears. Secure the ends with a knot.
• Why should a muzzled dog never be left unattended?

  Due to the risk of vomiting and possible asphyxiation
• What is a muzzle?


  A covering that goes over an animal's mouth to prevent biting or barking
• What is a tourniquet used for?

  A stretchy band used to make veins easier to see for blood collection
• What is a microtainer?

  A tiny tube designed for collecting small amounts of blood
• What does it mean to occlude?

  To temporarily block or close something off
• What is a vacutainer?

  A tube that uses suction to draw blood from a vein
• What are the different blood collection tubes and their uses?

  • Red Top Tube: No chemicals, used for serum analysis.
  • Yellow Top Tube: Contains gel, separates blood layers for routine tests.
  • Light Blue Top Tube: Tests blood clotting.
  • Green Top Tube: Prevents clotting for emergency tests.
  • Purple Top Tube: Stops clotting for cell counting.
  • Gray Top Tube: Tests sugar and alcohol levels.
  • Pink Top Tube: Used for blood bank work.
  • Black Top Tube: Checks red blood cell sedimentation.
  • Royal Blue Top Tube: Tests for metals and minerals.
• What is coagulation time?

  The time required for blood to clot
• What is the purpose of the glass tube or slide methods in coagulation time testing?

  To determine deficiencies in coagulation factors and associated abnormalities
• What is the first step in determining coagulation time?

  Disinfect the area to be punctured
• How do you know when to stop timing during the coagulation time test?

  When the appearance of a fibrin thread is observed
• What is bleeding time?

  The time required for a standardized wound to stop bleeding
• What method is used to determine bleeding time?

  Filter paper method
• What should you do after making a capillary puncture for bleeding time?

  Blot the first drop and discard it
• What is hemostasis?

  The body's natural process for stopping bleeding
• What initiates the hemostasis process after an injury?

  Vasoconstriction of the blood vessel
• What is Prothrombin Time (PT) used for?

  To check how long it takes for blood to clot
• What does Activated Thromboplastin Time (APTT) test for?

  Problems with certain clotting factors
• What does D-dimer test for?

  Small fragments of clots in the blood
• What is BMBT?

  A test that checks how long it takes for a small cut to stop bleeding
• What is the normal range of erythrocytes in dogs?

  About $4.95 - 7.87 \times 10^6$ per microliter of blood
• What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in erythrocytes?

  It catalyzes the reaction between CO2 and water to form carbonic acid
• What are the stages of red blood cell genesis?

  1. Rubriblast
  2. Prorubricyte
  3. Rubricyte
  4. Metarubricyte
  5. Reticulocyte
  6. Mature erythrocyte
• How do you fill a thoma pipette for erythrocyte counting?

  Draw blood to the 0.5 mark and then add diluting fluid to the 101 mark
• What is the calculation for total red blood cell count per microliter of blood?

  Sum of cells counted in 5 small squares multiplied by $10,000$

  
• What factors are needed for the maturation of red blood cells?

  Iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, and erythropoietin
• What physiological reasons can cause variations in red blood cell count?

  Age, gender, and altitude
• What is the shape of a mature red blood cell?

  Biconcave disc
• Why do mature red blood cells lack a nucleus?

  To carry more hemoglobin for oxygen transport
• What is the primary function of red blood cells?

  To transport oxygen throughout the body
• What happens if blood clotting fails after a vessel is damaged?

  It can lead to uncontrolled bleeding and potentially life-threatening conditions
• What is the coagulation cascade?

  A series of reactions that activate clotting factors to form fibrin
• What is the role of platelets in hemostasis?

  They form a temporary patch called a platelet plug at the injury site
• What can hinder the process of hemostasis?

  Conditions like hemophilia, liver problems, or vitamin K deficiency
• What is the significance of the fibrin threads in blood clotting?

  They strengthen the platelet plug to form a solid blood clot
• How does the body respond to a cut or injury?

  By initiating hemostasis to stop the bleeding