Sociocultural influences

• A social group is people who interact with one another, share similar characteristic and have a sense of unity/togetherness
• women tend to paticipate in sport less than men due to stereotypical views
• people of different ethnic backgorunds participate less in sport due to racism and the belief they have a advantage.

  people beleive this because it is thought that people of black colour have better anatomical make up, such as a longer archilles tendon or a lower proportion of fat to muscle
• people from lower income backgrounds are less likely to participate in sport .

  this may be as sports like football are less expensive then sports such as tennis or golf.
• many girls quit sport after leaving school
• participation is lower in the elderly as physical fitness levels generally decline with age
• integration is the full involvement of disability in sport, e.g. having disabled athletes compete against baled peoplle
• Commercialisation is the process of introducing a new product into commerce
• sponsorship is ye idea of a company providing resources in return for some bussiness related favour/advantage
• sport is a fairly cheap form of entertainment for to companies, so is shown often
• to publicise itself, a sport must be attractive to the media
• sometimes start times are changed to tract the biggest audience possible
• performers have to be aware of the need to entertain in order to. increase their marketability
• the performer can have restricted privacy as they have to talk to the media
• sponsorship has increased the income for many. sports, allowing them to develop new competitions and increase media interest
• technological developmenets, such as live action replays, hawkeye, and TMO have allowed officials better judgement
• technology allows the performer to improve their health and monitor it
• performers safety has also benefited from technology, as helmets and body protection are now used
• clothing and equipment have been improved by technolgy
• prosthetics can be made for disabled athlete, allowing them to compete in more sport
• etiquette is the unwritten rules concerning players behvaior
• sportsmanship is appropriate, polite and fair behaviour when participating
• gamesmanship is the use of dubious methods, that are not strictly illegal to gain an advantage
• Contract to compete is agreeing to play by the rules, trying to win but also allowing your opponent to Play
• stimulants are substances that speed up parts of the brain and body

  they reduce reaction time, tiredness and increase aggressiveness

  they can also be used to deaden pain

  they are mainly used but sprinters and speed swimmers
• stimulants are highly addictive and ca have side affects such as high blood pressure stroked and heat and liver problems
• narcotic analgesics are very strong pain killers

  they mask pain from an injury or overtraining

  they are highly addictive and cause withdrawal symptoms when you stop using them

  performers who are removing from injury may use these
• anabolic agents are used to increase the rate and amount of muscle growth

  the most common are steroids

  they can also speed up recovery

  examples include nandrolone and Danazol

  they can shrink the testicles in en, cause high blood pressrue and damage the kidneys, liver and heart

  i women, they can cause more body hair, smaller breasts and a deeper voice
• Peptide hormones/EPOs

  These improve muscle growth and increase production of red blood cells.

  One peptide hormone is erythropoietin which increased red blood cell production and increase the amount of oxygen transported to cells

  They can cause the blood to thicken. Increasing the risk of stroke and heart attack

  Sports that. May use this are marathon running and cycling
• diuretics ar drugs which are taken to remove excess water from the body

  they dont improve performance, but can be used to rapidly loose weight and to dilute the presence of illegal substances and aid th body in its removal of urine

  they cause severe dehydration, low blood pressure, and muscle cramps

  sports that may use this are ones that require the performer to weigh a certain amount sun as jockeys or boxers
• Blood doping is the use of techniques and/or substances to increase a perfomers red blood cell count

  the simplest form is the removal of 1-2 pints several weeks before a competition, and while the body replaces it, the blood is frozen

  it is then injected a few days before performance

  the use of EPO is blood doping

  it is most commonly done by endurance athletes

  there are side effects such as:

  increased viscosity

  potential heart attacks

  risk of blood borne diseases

  embolism
• beta blockers reduce the effects of adrenaline on the body.

  they reduce heart rate, muscle tension and blood pressure

  this improves fine motor skill and increase precision

  they benefit performers in target sports

  they can cause nausea, poor circulation, tiredness and weakness

  performers may only take. these if prescribed by a medical professional
• benefits of using PEDS:

  can play better

  keep careers going

  keep them employed

  reduce stress
• disadvantages of PEDS:

  it is cheating

  it goes against sportsmanship and etiquette

  performers face a two year ban and fine

  damage reputation and brings long term negative publicity
• spectators can affect players performance by:

  effecting concentration

  cheering/booing
• when playing a match, the home team receives more support . this is called Home-field advantage
• hooliganism:

  causes:

  rivalry between local teams

  alcohol consumption

  gang culture

  frustration

  display of masculinity

  methods to combat hooliganism:

  known offenders report to police stations during match times

  alcohol is prohibited on football grounds

  segregation between opposing fans

  increased policing and stewarding

  introduction of CCTV

  playing matches behind closed doors