Topic 2: Cells & Control

• What are adult stem cells?

  Stem cells that can differentiate into a limited range of cell types.
• What is anaphase?

  The third stage of mitosis where chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell.
• How does asexual reproduction occur?

  It involves a single parent creating genetically identical offspring.
• What is an axon?

  A long fibre that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body.
• What causes cancer?

  Changes in the cell that lead to uncontrolled growth and division.
• What is a cataract?

  A cloudy patch on the lens of the eye that prevents normal light entry.
• What is the cell cycle?

  A series of events involving cell growth, DNA replication, and cell division.
• What is cell differentiation?

  The process by which an undifferentiated cell becomes specialised for its function.
• What is cell elongation?

  The process by which cells expand and enlarge, enabling plant growth.
• What does the central nervous system (CNS) consist of?

  The brain and spinal cord.
• What is the cerebellum responsible for?

  Controlling muscle coordination and non-voluntary movement.
• What is the function of the cerebral hemisphere?

  Each hemisphere controls muscles on the opposite side of the body.
• What does the nucleus contain?

  Your genetic information
• What is the cerebrum?

  The largest region of the brain responsible for movement, memory, intelligence, language, and vision.
• What are chromosomes made of?

  Coils of DNA
• What is a chromatid?

  One ‘arm’ of a replicated chromosome.
• What is a gene?

  A short section of DNA that codes for a protein
• How many pairs of chromosomes are in each human cell?

  23 pairs
• What is a chromosome?

  A long, coiled molecule of DNA that carries genetic information.
• How many total chromosomes are in each human cell?

  46 chromosomes
• What is the chromosome count in gametes?

  23 chromosomes
• What is the diploid number of chromosomes in humans?

  46 chromosomes
• What is colour blindness?

  A deficiency of the eye that makes it difficult to distinguish between colours.
• What is the haploid number of chromosomes in humans?

  23 chromosomes
• What are the stages of the cell cycle?

  1. Interphase: Cell growth, organelle increase, protein synthesis, DNA replication, energy store increase.
  2. Mitosis: Chromosomes line up at the equator and are pulled apart.
  3. Cytokinesis: Division of cytoplasm and cell membranes to form two identical daughter cells.
• What are cone cells?

  Cells in the retina that are sensitive to high light intensity and detect different colours.
• What happens during interphase?

  The cell grows, organelles increase, proteins are synthesized, DNA is replicated, and energy stores increase
• What is the cornea?

  The transparent outer covering that reflects light entering the eye.
• What occurs during mitosis?

  Chromosomes line up at the equator and are pulled to either side of the cell
• What is a CT scan?

  An imaging technique that uses X-rays to create detailed images of internal organs.
• What is cytokinesis?

  The division of cytoplasm and cell membranes to form two identical daughter cells
• What is cytokinesis?

  The division of the cytoplasm at the end of mitosis to produce two new daughter cells.
• What are dendrites?

  Short, branched extensions of dendrons that receive nerve impulses from other neurones.
• Why is mitosis important in multicellular organisms?

  It is important for growth, development, and replacing damaged cells
• How many daughter cells are produced by mitosis?

  2 daughter cells
• What is a dendron?

  Branched extensions of a nerve cell body that connect to other neurones.
• What type of cells does mitosis produce?

  Genetically identical diploid daughter cells
• What is a diploid cell?

  A cell that contains two copies of each chromosome.
• How does growth occur in animals?

  • Through cell division (mitosis)
  • Through differentiation into specialized forms
• What is an effector?

  An organ, tissue, or cell that produces a response to a stimulus.