Lecture 1 - 4

• What is the study of psychological disorders called?

  Psychopathology
• What does clinical psychology consider in relation to psychological disorders?

  It considers disorders’ impact on diverse communities in NZ.
• What is the Te Rau Hinengaro Survey?

  A major mental health survey in NZ.
• What does the Te Rau Hinengaro Survey highlight about Maori and Pacific peoples?

  It highlights higher disorder rates among them but lower service access.
• What inequalities does the Te Rau Hinengaro Survey identify?

  It identifies inequalities linked to socio-economic status, racism, colonization, and age.
• What are the four dimensions of the Maori model of well-being, Te Whare Tapa Wha?

  • Taha Hinengaro: emotional well-being
  • Taha Tinana: physical health
  • Taha Wairua: spiritual well-being
  • Taha Whanau: family
• How does addressing mental health inequities relate to Te Tiriti o Waitangi?

  A bicultural approach informed by Te Tiriti o Waitangi fosters cultural competencies in mental health practice for equal outcomes.
• What are the criteria for defining a disorder?

  Infrequency, deviance, distress, disability, and danger.
• What generally involves psychological factors in disorders?

  Disorders generally involve psychological factors, distress, or impairment, and an atypical response.
• What are the purposes of classification systems like DSM-5-TR and ICD-11?

  • Diagnose and classify disorders
  • Provide common language
  • Support evidence-based practice
  • Differentiate between categorical and dimensional approaches
• What is anxiety characterized by?

  Anxiety is characterized by cognitive, psychological, and behavioral components.
• What are common symptoms of anxiety disorders?

  Thoughts and worries, physical responses (like a racing heart), and avoidance behaviors.
• What influences the causes of anxiety disorders?

  Learning, cognitive factors, genetics, neurobiology, and personality traits.
• What are cultural-specific anxieties?

  Cultural-specific anxieties, like eco-anxiety and wind attacks, shape how anxiety is experienced globally.
• What is the focus of managing anxiety?

  Developing skills to address thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors that maintain anxiety.
• What are the approaches to treatment for personality disorders?

  • Biomedical: focuses on changing physical functioning
  • Psychological: includes:
  • Psychodynamic: explores the past
  • Behavioral: changes behaviors
  • Cognitive: addresses maladaptive thoughts
• How are personality disorders defined?

  By persistent, inflexible behaviors that cause social and emotional difficulties across settings.
• What are the clusters of personality disorders?

  • Cluster A: Odd or Eccentric (e.g., Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal)
  • Cluster B: Dramatic or Erratic (e.g., Borderline, Narcissistic, Antisocial)
  • Cluster C: Anxious or Fearful (e.g., Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive)
• What are the challenges in diagnosing personality disorders?

  Thresholds, comorbidity, heterogeneity, and stereotyping.
• What is a significant treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)?

  Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT).
• What is the focus of Schema Therapy for personality disorders?

  Focus on symptom management rather than curing the disorder.
• What does psychosis affect?

  It affects perception of reality.
• What are common causes of psychosis?

  Psychological disorders, major stress, and drug use.
• What percentage of people experience psychosis?

  About 3% of people.
• What are the symptoms of schizophrenia?

  Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonia, and negative symptoms.
• What are the treatment options for schizophrenia?

  Antipsychotic medications and CBT.
• What are the clusters of symptoms in schizophrenia?

  • Positive Symptoms: hallucinations and delusions
  • Negative Symptoms: reduced emotional expression, social withdrawal
  • Disorganized Symptoms: confused or jumbled speech and behavior
• What is the cultural perspective (Wairua) in psychosis care?

  It explores spiritual and cultural dimensions of mental health.
• What does early intervention in NZ provide for individuals with psychosis?

  Community-centered, multi-year support.
• What barriers exist for early intervention in NZ?

  Geography and stigma.