BIO

• What type of DNA do prokaryotic cells have?

  Naked and circular DNA
• How do prokaryotic cells reproduce?

  They reproduce via binary fission
• Do prokaryotic cells contain a nucleus?

  No, they do not contain a nucleus
• What color do gram-positive bacteria stain?

  Violet
• What color do gram-negative bacteria stain?

  Red
• What is the typical size range of prokaryotic cells?

  1. 5 micrometers
• Do prokaryotic cells have a cell wall?

  Yes, they contain a cell wall
• What type of ribosomes do prokaryotic cells contain?

  70s ribosomes
• What type of DNA do eukaryotic cells have?

  Linear DNA with proteins (histones)
• Do eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles?

  Yes, they contain membrane-bound organelles
• What type of ribosomes do eukaryotic cells have?

  80s ribosomes
• What is the typical size range of eukaryotic cells?

  10-100 micrometers
• How do eukaryotic cells reproduce?

  They reproduce via mitosis and meiosis
• What are the main groups of Eukarya?

  • Animalia
  • Plantae
  • Fungi
  • Protoctista (all other eukaryotes not classified as animal, plant, or fungal)
• What are the key characteristics of mitosis?

  • Cell growth/Regeneration
  • The daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent cell
• What are the key characteristics of meiosis?

  • Produces gametes (sperm and egg cells)
  • Daughter cells are genetically different and contain half of each parent's DNA
• What is the function of the cell wall in plant and fungi cells?

  Provides extra protection
• What is the composition of the cell wall in plant cells?

  Made of cellulose
• What is the composition of the cell wall in fungi cells?

  Made of chitin
• What is the function of microvilli on the cell membrane?

  To increase surface area for better absorption and secretion
• What is the cytoskeleton composed of?

  Proteins and fibers (microtubules and microfilaments)
• What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?

  Contains genetic material (DNA and RNA) in the form of chromosomes
• What is the structure of the nuclear membrane?

  It is a double layer with nuclear pores
• What is the centromere?

  The middle of chromosomes
• What is the centrosome and where is it found?

  It is an area of the cytoplasm next to the nucleus in animal cells
• What is the function of centrioles in the centrosome?

  They release microtubules used for reproduction during cell division
• What type of cells contain chloroplasts?

  Plant cells only
• What is the function of vesicles/vacuoles in plant cells?

  They handle waste and store materials
• How many large central vacuoles do plant cells have?

  One large central vacuole
• How many vacuoles do animal cells have?

  Multiple vacuoles and vesicles
• What is the function of cilia in animal cells?

  Aids in cell movement and feeding
• What are flagella?

  Long tail-like projections that provide motion
• What are the main differences between plant, animal, and fungal cells?

  • Animal: Small temporary vacuoles, centrioles, lysosomes, cilia, and flagella
  • Plants: Cell wall (cellulose), chloroplasts, amyloplasts, autotrophic
  • Fungi: Cell wall (chitin), unicellular (yeast)
• What are the similarities between plant and fungi cells?

  • Both have a cell wall
  • Both have a central vacuole for storage and pressure
  • Both are permanent structures
• What are the similarities between fungi and animal cells?

  • Both obtain their own food
• What are the similarities among all multicellular organisms?

  • Nucleus
  • Cytoskeleton (different composition)
  • Golgi body
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • 80s ribosomes
  • Cytoplasm
  • Vacuoles/vesicles
  • Mitochondria
  • Cell membrane
• What are aseptate fungal hyphae?


  Fungi with hyphae that lack septa
• What is the consequence of aseptate hyphae lacking walls?

  It leads to multinucleation (many nuclei per cell)
• What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle cells?

  Long, cylindrical, and striated; multinucleated
• What is the function of red blood cells?

  To carry oxygen throughout the body