3.1.2 Carbohydrates

• What are carbohydrates made of?

  Carbohydrates are polymers made by many units of monomers.
• What is the most common monosaccharide found in nature?

  Glucose is the most common monosaccharide found in three positions.
• How many isomers does glucose have?

  Glucose has two isomers: α-Glucose and β-Glucose.
• What is the general formula for monosaccharides?

  The general formula for monosaccharides is $(CH₂O)_n$.
• What are oligosaccharides?

  Oligosaccharides are short chains of monosaccharides that unite to act as sites for the attraction of things.
• How do monosaccharides join together?

  Monosaccharides join together by a glycosidic bond.
• What type of reaction occurs when monosaccharides join together?

  They are joined in a condensation reaction, which involves the removal of water.
• What is the result of the reaction between glucose and glucose?

  The result is maltose and water.
• What is formed when glucose and fructose react together?

  The result is sucrose and water.
• What do glucose and galactose produce when they react?

  The result is lactose and water.
• What is an important sugar found in biological molecules?

  Ribose is an important sugar found in many biological molecules.
• How many carbon atoms does ribose have?

  Ribose has 5 carbon atoms.
• What is the chemical formula for ribose?

  The chemical formula for ribose is $C_5H_{10}O_5$.
• What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose?

  Deoxyribose has one less oxygen atom than ribose.
• What is the formula for glucose?

  The formula for glucose is $C_6H_{12}O_6$.
• What type of sugar is fructose?

  Fructose is an isomer of glucose.
• Why is fructose considered very sweet?

  Fructose is very sweet and is commonly found in fruits.
• What is galactose in relation to glucose?

  Galactose is an isomer of glucose.
• How do sugars differ in their ring structure?

  Sugars differ in the bonded manner in their ring structure.
• What is a glycosidic bond?

  A glycosidic bond is formed between the 1st carbon atom of the 2nd monosaccharide and the OH group of the 1st monosaccharide.
• What is the range of n in the general formula for monosaccharides?

  The range of n in the general formula $(CH₂O)_n$ is from 3 to 7.
• What is maltose formed from?

  Maltose is formed from two glucose molecules joined by an alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond.
• What is sucrose commonly known as?

  Sucrose is commonly known as table sugar.
• What are the key types of sugars and their characteristics?

  • Monosaccharides: Single sugar units (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose)
  • Disaccharides: Formed from two monosaccharides (e.g., maltose, sucrose, lactose)
  • Oligosaccharides: Short chains of monosaccharides
  • Ribose: A 5-carbon sugar important in biological molecules
  • Deoxyribose: Similar to ribose but lacks one oxygen atom
• What are polysaccharides primarily formed from?

  Many monosaccharide units
• What type of bonds join monosaccharides in polysaccharides?

  Glycosidic bonds
• How are glycosidic bonds formed in polysaccharides?

  By condensation reactions
• What process is used to break down polysaccharides into monosaccharides?

  Hydrolysis reactions
• What is the minimum number of monosaccharides required to form a polysaccharide?

  More than 10 monosaccharides
• What is a disaccharide formed from?

  Two monosaccharides
• What is a characteristic of true polysaccharides?

  They have over 10 monosaccharides joined together
• How do polysaccharide chains differ in structure?

  They are not branched
• What is the main energy source used in respiration?

  Glucose
• Why are polysaccharides important for energy storage?

  They can be easily stored and are readily available for energy
• How does the structure of starch contribute to its function?

  It has a compact shape and is easily hydrolyzed to glucose
• What color change indicates the presence of starch when iodine is added?

  Blue color
• What are the main types of polysaccharides and their characteristics?

  • Starch:
  • Monomer: α-glucose
  • Function: Energy storage in plants
  • Structure: Unbranched (amylose) and branched (amylopectin)

  
  

  • Cellulose:
  • Monomer: β-glucose
  • Function: Structural support in plant cell walls
  • Structure: Linear polymer with many hydrogen bonds

  
  

  • **Glycogen**:
  • Monomer: α-glucose
  • Function: Energy storage in animals and fungi
  • Structure: Highly branched polymer
• What type of glycosidic bonds are found in starch?

  1. 4 and some 1-6 glycosidic bonds
• What is the function of cellulose in plants?

  To provide structural support in cell walls
• Where is glycogen primarily located in the body?

  Near the liver and muscles