Lecture 5 - 9

• What is Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

  A mental health condition characterized by persistent low mood and loss of interest.
• What are some symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

  Symptoms include low mood, loss of interest, weight changes, sleep issues, and feelings of worthlessness.
• What are the two types of Bipolar Disorder mentioned?

  Bipolar I and Bipolar II.
• What is associated with worse outcomes in Bipolar Disorder?

  Rapid cycling of mood swings.
• What factors contribute to the causes of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

  A combination of genetic, environmental, social, and psychological factors.
• What does Beck’s Theory of Depression emphasize?

  Negative thoughts and beliefs about the self, world, and future contribute to depression.
• What are cognitive distortions?

  Patterns of negative thinking that impact mood and behavior.
• What are the treatment approaches for depression?

  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): addresses automatic thoughts and attitudes.
  • Medication: Antidepressants targeting multiple pathways.
  • Values-Based Approach: incorporates personal and cultural values into therapy.
• What is the role of whanau in mental health?

  Whanau, or family connections, provide support through relationships.
• What are neurodevelopmental disorders?


  Disorders present in childhood that may continue to affect individuals in adulthood.
• Name some key neurodevelopmental disorders.

  Intellectual Disability, Learning Disorders, Autism Spectrum Disorders, and ADHD.
• What influences behavioral disruptive disorders?

  Externalizing behaviors influenced by environmental factors.
• How are behavioral disruptive disorders linked to health issues?

  They are linked to maladaptive coping, increasing risks for substance use and other health issues.
• What are the treatment strategies for behavioral disruptive disorders?

  • Psychoeducation for individuals and whanau.
  • Skill Development within family and school environments.
  • Support Services and Medications.
• How are cultural adaptations made to CBT for children?

  Engaging with whanau and school systems to reinforce positive behaviors.
• What are common motivations for substance use in adolescents?

  Managing anxiety, depression, and stress.
• What are key indicators of problematic substance use?

  Tolerance, withdrawal, time investment, distress, and health costs.
• What is the most commonly used substance among youth in NZ?

  Alcohol.
• What is the impact of substance use on mental health?

  Linked to co-morbidities like anxiety, depression, psychosis, and trauma.
• What are common treatments for substance use in adolescents?

  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
  • Motivational Interviewing
  • Programs like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
  • Support Services from whanau
• What characterizes adolescent development from a psychopathology perspective?

  Marked by rapid changes in brain, identity, and independence, increasing vulnerability to mental health challenges.
• How is insomnia defined?

  Dissatisfaction with sleep quality or quantity for at least 3 months.
• What are some causes of insomnia?

  Physical health issues, psychological factors, and poor sleep hygiene.
• What are common sleep issues reported in NZ?

  Poor sleep quality, difficulty staying asleep, and feeling unrefreshed.
• What are the treatment options for insomnia?

  • Medical Interventions for underlying causes.
  • Environmental Interventions: stimulus control and sleep hygiene.
  • Psychological Interventions: relaxation methods and mindfulness practices.
• What is stress?

  The body’s response to demands or threats.
• How can long-term stress affect health?

  It can harm physical health and mental health.
• What are effective strategies for managing stress?

  • Lifestyle changes
  • Values focus
  • Relaxation mindfulness
  • Assertiveness training
  • Boundary setting
  • Problem-solving skills
• What are barriers to treatment for mental health?

  Systematic factors like poverty, urbanization, discrimination, and racism.
• What are body image disorders?

  Disorders that involve negative perceptions of body image.
• What characterizes Binge-Eating Disorders?

  Episodes of eating large amounts of food with a sense of loss of control.
• What is Bulimia Nervosa?

  Binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors like purging.
• What defines Anorexia Nervosa?

  Restricted energy intake leading to low body weight and an intense fear of gaining weight.
• What does BMI stand for?

  Body Mass Index.
• What are the weight categories defined by BMI?

  Underweight ($18.5$), normal ($18.5-25$), overweight ($25-30$), and obese (>30).
• How do societal and cultural influences affect body image?

  Body dysmorphic disorder and cultural pressures contribute to negative body image.
• What does the Te Whare Tapa Wha Model encompass?

  • Whanau: support from family and community
  • Tinana: nutrition
  • Wairua: spiritual values
  • Hinengaro: mental and cognitive health
• What are the treatment options for body image disorders?

  • Family therapy
  • Cognitive therapy
  • Focus on holistic health