itp 100524

• What is the scientific method?

  Approach used to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and phenomena
• What are the steps of the scientific method?

  1. Identifying questions
  2. Formulating an explanation
  3. Designing a research method
  4. Communicating results
• What is deduction in the context of the scientific method?


  Process of deriving a conclusion from a premise already accepted
• What is induction in scientific research?


  Process of inferring a general principle from observations
• What is a theory in scientific terms?


  An explanation that fits many observations and makes valid predictions
• What does it mean for a theory to be falsifiable?


  It should be stated in clear, precise terms that we can see what evidence would count against it
• What is the burden of proof?


  Obligation to present evidence to support one’s claim
• What is replicability in research?


  The ability to repeat a study and obtain the same results
• What is an operational definition?


  A definition that specifies the procedures used to measure a variable
• What are clinical or case studies?


  Research methods focusing on special or rare cases or phenomena
• What are the types of observation in research?

  • Naturalistic
  • Controlled
  • Uncontrolled
• What is the purpose of surveys in research?


  To gather information from a large group of people
• What are the sampling techniques used in research?

  • Random
  • Purposive
  • Stratified
  • Snowball
• What is longitudinal research?


  Research that takes a long time to finish
• What is archival research?


  Research that relies on looking at past records or data sets
• What does correlational research examine?


  The relationship between two variables
• What does a positive correlation indicate?


  As one variable increases, the other variable also increases
• What is the difference between correlation and causation?

  Correlation does not imply causation
• What is experimental research?


  Research that establishes causation between variables
• What are the ethics protocols in research?

  • Humaneness
  • Informed Consent
  • Freedom from coercion
  • Security and Confidentiality
• Where is research used?

  1. Contribute to General Body of Knowledge
  2. Policy Making
  3. Improving Way of Life
  4. Advancement of Human Life
• Who believed that the brain controlled pain, joy, and grief?

  Hippocrates
• What did Galen contribute to the understanding of pathology?


  He contributed to the typology of human temperaments
• What was Aristotle's view of the brain?


  He considered the brain as a cooling unit to lower the temperature of the body
• What was accepted about the brain in the 19th century?

  The brain was accepted as an important mechanism that coordinates and controls behavior
• What did Paul Broca prove about the frontal lobe?


  Destruction of the region affects language
• Who measured learning and memory?

  Hermann Ebbinghaus
• What did Karl Lashley research?


  The location of memory functions in the brain
• What did Donald O. Hebb show about cognitive behavior?


  Complex cognitive behaviors are performed by neurons
• What is the Neuron Doctrine proposed by Santiago Ramon Y Cajal?


  A new perspective on the structure and function of neurons
• What are the characteristics of a neuron?

  • Irritability: Ability to respond to stimulation
  • Conductivity: Ability to relay information
• What is the refractory period in neurons?


  Period during which cells cannot fire again regardless of stimulus strength
• What is the All or None Principle?


  Neurons either fire at full strength or not at all
• What is a synapse?


  Junction where impulses pass between two neurons
• What are neurotransmitters?


  Chemical substances produced by axons that transmit messages across synapses
• How do neurotransmitters affect behavior?

  They regulate movement, learning, memory, sleep, feelings, and emotions
• What is the S-R sequence in neural functioning?

  1. Stimulus strikes a receptor
  2. Receptors stimulate dendrites of a sensory neuron
  3. Impulses cross the synaptic connection
  4. Impulses pass to the efferent fiber
  5. An effector (muscle or gland) responds
• What are the three types of neurons?

  1. Afferent: Conducts impulses to the brain
  2. Associative: Responsible for thought
  3. Efferent: Conducts impulses to effectors
• What can damage neurons?

  Accidents, drugs, alcohol, and degenerative diseases
• What are some examples of degenerative diseases that can damage neurons?

  • Parkinson’s Disease
  • ALS (Lou Gehrig’s Disease)
  • Huntington’s Disease
  • Multiple Sclerosis
  • Alzheimer’s
  • Cerebral Palsy
  • Epilepsy