Joints

• Joints are any points where two or more bones meet.
• Flexion is when you close a joint. When you decrease the angle around a joint.
• Extension is when you open a joint. When you increase the angle around the joint.
• Abduction is when you move your arms or legs away from the midline of your body. (Side to side)
• Adduction is when you move your arms or legs towards the midline of the body.
• Rotation is a clockwise or anti-clockwise movement of a body part around a joint axis.
• Circumduction is when you move a limb or hand and foot in a circular motion.
• Plantar flexion is the movement of the foot which is extension at the ankle. Also known as pointing your toes.
• Dorsi  flexion is flexion at the ankle. Also known as lifting your toes up, so the bottom of your foot faces up.
• The four joint types:

  Ball And socket - hip / shoulder, all 6 ROM

  Hinge - knee, ankle, elbow, 2 ROM (Flexion and extension)

  Condyloid - wrist, 5 ROM , (flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, circumduction)

  Pivot - head and neck, 1 ROM , (rotation)
• Cartilage - act as a cushion between bones to prevent damage during joint movement.
• Ligaments - hold bones together to help maintain the stability of the skeleton during movement. They are made of tough and fibrous tissue. 
• Tendons - attach muscles to bones (or other muscles)  to allow bones to move when muscles contract.
• example of a ball and socket joint?

  hip
• whats the name of the joint movement at the ankle when lifting the toes?

  dorsi-flexion
• what are the types of joint movement possible at the elbow?

  flexion and extension