Urbanisation

• What is urbanisation?

  A process where an increasing proportion of the population moves and lives in urban towns and cities.
• What are the to causes of rapid urbanisation?

  1. Rural to Urban migration
  2. Population growth due to natural increase
• What is a push factor?

  A reason to leave / move away from the area they are living in
• What is a pull factor?

  A factor that attracts people to an area
• What are some push factors for rural areas in Brazil?

  • Lack of water and resources
  • Lack of work opportunities
  • Lack of services (education, healthcare)
• What are some pull factors to urban areas of Brazil?

  • Better sanitation
  • More job and economic opportunities
  • Better infrastructure and housing
  • Better services (education, healthcare)
• What are some environmental push factors for Ceara in Brazil?

  • Hot dry conditions
  • Frequent + severe drought
  • Land degradation
• What does sertão mean?

  Semi-arid land
• What are some economic push factors for Ceara in Brazil?

  • GDP per capita is 60% less than national average
  • Agriculture jobs provide extremely low wages
  • 70% of farmers farm less than 5 hectares of land which makes it hard to grow crops for profit.
• What are some social push factors for Ceara in Brazil?

  • Malnutrition
  • Over 1/2 of the population is illiterate
  • 3x higher infant mortality rate than San Paulo
• What are some economic pull factors for Rio de JaneRio

  • Modern industries which provide jobs (electronics)
  • Financial capital of Brazil
  • GDP of $201 Billion
• What are some social pull factors for Rio de Janerio?

  • High literacy levels (94%)
  • Lower infant mortality then Ceara (13/1000)
  • Better services (education, healthcare)
• Where is informal housing as a cause of rural to urban migration called on the LEDC land use model?

  • Favelas (recent informal housing)
  • Periferia (older informal housing)
• Why did the government improve and develop the favelas of Rochina?

  To improve urban areas and the bad conditions of the favelas
• What is the self-help scheme and what is an example of it?

  Self-help scheme: Authorites provide materials such as breeze blocks and cement which residents use to construct permanent housing. It provides residents with skills for work and labour

  
  

  Example : Favela Barrio Plan
• What is counter urbanisation and what is an example of it?

  Encouraging wealthier, mobile people to move out of the urban city into rural areas to provide space for the growing population

  
  

  Example : People moving into newly built towns such as Barra de Tijuca
• How does the local authority improve Rochina?

  • Sending police forces to reduce crime rates
  • Self help schemes
  • Counter urbanisation
  • Rural development
  • Improving accsess to services
• What is rural development and what is an example?

  Rural development : Improving living conditions in rural areas to reduce rural to urban migration

  
  

  Example : Beginning to build schools and healthcare centres in Rochina
• What is improving access to services and what is an example?

  Enhancing availability of services to individuals

  
  

  Example: Expanding healthcare clinics in rural areas, 156 seat cable car in Telerico which connects 6 favelas