Key terms

• capcity and duration of each store

  sensory memory's duration is milliseconds and the capcity is unlimited.

  short term memory's duration is 18 seconds max (Peterson & Peterson, Brown Peterson technique) and capcity is 7+-2 (miller's magic no.7)

  Long term memory's duration is up the lifetime (Bharick et al) and the capcity is unlimited
• span measure test

  technique used for measure digit span

  a digit is added for the participants to learn every time they got the previous set of digits correct. When the participants no longer able to recall, the last set of digits determines the digit span.
• main modality of STM & LTM


  STM: acoustic

  LTM: semantic
• types of LTM (founded by tulving)


  episodic memory, semantic memory (explicit, required conscious effort)

  procedural memory (implicit, doesn't require conscious effort)
• episodic memory

  ability to recall personal life event. THey are time stamped therfore we can recall when did it happen (composed of several elements)
• semantic memory

  contain our knowledge of the world and is linked to encyclopedia & dictionary. The memory isn't timestamped
• procedural memory

  our knowledge on how to carry out an action/memory for learned action or skill. It's hard to explain and when we try to describe, it will become more difficult
• 5 component of working memory model

  long term memory

  central execution

  slave systems ↓

  episodic buffer

  phonological loop

  visuospatial loop
• central execution

  
  

  coordinate activities and allocate the slave ststems. It monitors incoming data from sense and LTM while processing them. The component can process info of any modality but it has limited processing capacity
• phonological loop

  slave system that processes acoustic information and the order it arrives in.

  the phonological store: store wordsthat ce be heard

  the articulatory process: words that are heard/ seen and maintain rehearsal
• visu-spatial loop

  slave system that processes visual and spatial information in a mental space.

  visual cache: stores visual data

  inner scribe: record the arrangement of object in visual field
• episodic buffer

  added by baddeley in 2000

  slave system that condense material from other slave system into a single episodic memory. it is also a temporary store integrating visual, acoustic & spatial information and maintain a time sequence.
• types of interference and their definition

  proactive interference: when old memories interferes with new memories in LTM

  retroactive interference: when new memories interferes with old memories in LTM
• eyewitness testimony's meaning and what affects it

  the ability of the person who saw the crime recall the details of the event they have observed

  • misleading information (leading question + post-event discussion)
  • anxiety
• encoding capacity principle 


  in order for a cue to be helpful, it has to be present at encoding and retrieval. If its not present during retrieval, there will be some forgetting.
• types of cue-dependent forgetting and their meaning

  • cue dependent forgetting: fail to retrieve the prompt that triggers recall

  1. state dependent forgetting: internal settong of coding and recalling are different causing retrieval failure
  2. context dependent forgetting: external setting of coding and recalling are different causing retrieval failure

  • lack of retrieval cues: cues that were in the coding setting are absent during recall
• Yerkes-dodson law


  the law suggests that our performance improves when our arousal level is at its optimal point. However once exceeded, our performance gets worse
• cognitive interview meaning and stages

  an interview designed to retreive more accurate memory and to prevent witness from actively reconstructing their memory

  cues↓

  context reinstatement

  report everything

  prevent schema from actively reconstructiong the memory↓

  reverse order

  change perspective
• enhanced cognitive interview

  the version attempts to build a relationship between interviewer and witness as trust improves quality of communication

  1. interviewer doesn't distract witness unless its necessary
  2. witness controls the flow of information
  3. interviewer asks open-eneded question
  4. witness should speak slowly
  5. witness is encourage to say "idk" when necessary to avoud confabulation
  6. witness' anxiety is reduced whenever possible
• modified cognitive interview

  the "change perspective" and "reverse order" is taken out to get more accurate informations from child witnesses
• meta analysis

  when a researcher collects lots of individual studies to give an overview of all their findings