Psychology (memory)

• Who proposed the multi-store model of memory?

  Atkinson and Shiffrin
• What are the three stores in the multi-store model of memory?

  Sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM)
• How does information pass through the multi-store model?

  In a linear way from one store to another
• What is the duration of sensory memory?

  ¼ to ½ second
• What is the capacity of short-term memory?

  7 +/- 2 items
• What is maintenance rehearsal?

  Repetition that keeps information in short-term memory
• What happens to information if maintenance rehearsal does not occur?

  It is forgotten and lost from short-term memory
• What are the three main ways information can be encoded?

  Visual, acoustic, and semantic
• What is the duration of long-term memory?

  Unlimited
• What is the encoding method primarily used in long-term memory?

  Mainly semantic
• What is a criticism of the multi-store model of memory regarding rehearsal?

  It fails to account for how different types of material can result in different depth memory traces
• How does interest in material affect memory recall according to the criticism of the multi-store model?

  Material that is more meaningful or interesting may create a deeper memory trace
• What does the case study of patient H.M. illustrate about memory?

  It shows that short-term memory can remain intact while long-term memory is impaired
• What did Baddeley and Hitch propose about short-term memory?

  It is more than just one simple unitary store
• What is the serial position effect?

  The tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than the middle items
• What did Glanzer and Cunitz's study support regarding memory stores?

  It supports the existence of separate long-term and short-term memory stores
• What is procedural memory responsible for?

  Knowing how to do things, such as motor skills
• What is semantic memory responsible for?

  Storing information about the meaning of words and general knowledge
• What is episodic memory responsible for?

  Storing information about events that we have experienced
• What distinguishes declarative knowledge from procedural knowledge?

  Declarative knowledge involves "knowing that," while procedural knowledge involves "knowing how"
• What evidence do amnesic patients provide regarding memory types?

  They have difficulty retaining episodic and semantic information but can recall procedural skills
• What does the working memory model propose?

  It suggests a system involving active processing and short-term storage of information
• What is the role of the central executive in the working memory model?

  It has a supervisory function and filters information
• What are the components of the phonological loop?

  The phonological store and the articulatory process
• What is the function of the visuospatial sketchpad?

  It holds visual and spatial information
• What is the episodic buffer's role in the working memory model?

  It acts as a temporary store that communicates with long-term memory
• How does Bryan's experience differ from Bob's in terms of working memory while driving?

  Bryan can divide his attention between tasks, while Bob cannot due to inexperience
• What do dual-task studies support regarding working memory?

  It is easier to perform two tasks simultaneously if they use different processing systems
• What is the significance of the working memory model in psychology?

  It provides a more complex understanding of short-term memory than previous models
• Why can Bryan drive while performing other tasks like talking or listening to music?

  Because driving has become an automated task for him, requiring fewer attentional demands.
• How does Bob's inexperience at driving affect his attention?

  Bob's central executive requires all of his attentional capacity for driving, preventing him from dividing resources effectively.
• What do dual-task studies support in relation to working memory?

  They support the idea that it is easier to perform two tasks simultaneously if they use different processing systems.
• Why do participants find it hard to perform two visual tasks simultaneously?

  Because both tasks compete for the same limited resources of the visuospatial sketchpad.
• What does the KF case study demonstrate about working memory components?

  It shows that there are separate short-term memory components for visual information and verbal information.
• What is a limitation of using evidence from brain-damaged patients to support the working memory model?

  Such evidence may not be reliable because it concerns unique cases with traumatic experiences.
• What is a limitation of the central executive in the working memory model?

  Little is known about how the central executive works, making its exact role unclear.
• What does the working memory model fail to explain regarding long-term memory?

  It does not explain the link between working memory and long-term memory.
• What are the two types of interference in forgetting?

  • Proactive interference: Old learning prevents recall of new information.
  • Retroactive interference: New learning prevents recall of old information.
• What did Chandler (1989) find regarding students studying similar subjects?

  Students studying similar subjects often experience interference.
• What type of memory is more resistant to interference?

  Semantic memory is more resistant to interference than other types of memory.