Topic 2- cells

• What is the primary function of erythrocytes (RBCs)?

  To transport O₂ to cells
• Why is an enucleate RBC more flexible?

  It allows the RBC to bend more easily
• How does the well-developed cytoskeleton of erythrocytes benefit them?

  It allows them to squeeze through capillaries
• What is the role of neutrophils (WBCs) in the immune response?

  They perform phagocytosis and engulf debris and pathogens
• What do neutrophils release to act on pathogens?

  Anti-microbial chemicals
• What is the structure of cellular chromosomes?

  They have multiple nuclear pores and tightly packed material
• What is the purpose of apoptosis in tissues?

  For refining, shaping, and maintaining tissues
• What is the structure of sperm cells designed for?

  For movement and fertilization
• Why are sperm cells long and thin?

  To provide more surface area for gas exchange
• What happens to the ovum when a sperm cell reaches it?

  The ovum opens its cytoplasm to let the sperm in
• What is formed after the ovum begins to divide?

  A zygote
• What do epithelial cells in the skin form?

  A continuous layer to form the epidermis
• How do skin cells contribute to the epidermis?

  They overlap to make a tight barrier
• What happens to skin cells over time?

  They continuously shed and slide on top of each other
• What is the function of root hair cells?

  To uptake water and minerals
• How does root pressure assist in water uptake?

  It helps water move from the soil to the roots through osmosis
• What are plasmodesmata?

  Long, thin connections between adjacent cells
• What is the role of phloem in plants?

  To transport sugars
• Why do leaves have many chloroplasts in the palisade mesophyll layer?

  For optimum photosynthesis
• What do guard cells regulate?

  The opening and closing of stomata
• How do guard cells respond to changes in humidity?

  They shorten when water enters and swell to close stomata